The business activities of Wal-Mart and Tfl Essay Example for Free

The barter momentivities of Wal-Mart and Tfl EssayFor this assignment, I impart be describing how political, legal and cordial brokers atomic number 18 impacting upon the occupancy activities of Wal-Mart and Tfl. For employmentes, this is authorised because they need to know how these change such as political decisions made by the regimen or changes to the law or changes that fall postal service in golf-club over time is red to affect their business.Political FactorsPolitical factors is an external environment in which a business functions. This is a type of external constraint for a business and argon related to actions of governing bodys. This factors back end affect how the business operates. Political factors include politicians, who put on important decisions. These hind end be done at national level at the UK parliament. This is because the UK is a representative democracy, who has a member of parliament that be elected. There ar political parties who w ith the most Members of Parliament run the country. This party is led by the Prime Minister who appoints the Cabinet of Ministers in charge of cardinal areas of the government. Political stability is the effectiveness and integrity of a current government regime. This is determined based on the amount of violence and terrorism expressed in the nation and by citizens associated with the state. A stable society is one that is satisfied with the ruling party and system of operations and is not interested in revolutionary or despotic ideas.For businesses, they scorn instability. Businesses operates according to forecasts and scenarios about the future so instability is not what they want. Political stability is important for Wal-Mart because the society is satisfied so that this provides a plat diverseness for Wal-Mart to remove their effectives. However if the is political instability in the UK, it affects the decision making process and their profits. This is because the confide nce in the economy testament go down and customers will be little likely to make pass. For Tfl, political stability is important because as the organisation budget is paid by the government, if in that respect is instability the property flow will get disrupted. overly when political instability happens there is usually conflict and as Tfl provides a transport service, there could be damage. However in the UK there is a stable political system, so this is the environment for the business to growand expand. another(prenominal) political factors which affect a business is the fiscal insurance policy of the business. fiscal policy is the mode by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nations economy.It is the sister strategy to monetary policy through which a central bank influences a nations money summate. These two policies are used in various combinations to direct a countrys economic remainders. fiscal policy works by incre asing or decreasing tax levels and public spending to maintain the health of the economy. Fiscal policy affects Wal-Mart because by changing the amount of disposable income people have to spend. This squeeze out affect the consumer demand. This happens by higher taxes. If taxes are higher than customers will have less money to spend and this will affect the profits of Wal-Mart as less people have money to spend. For Tfl, the fiscal policy will affect the business because as Tfl is a publicly funded, if there is a cut in taxes this will lead to less money for the government. To balance the books, the government will have to cut spending. This at once affects Tfl because their budget will be cut. Another political factor which affects a business is the membership of international trading organisations. For the UK, they are part of the EU or European Union. The European Union, or EU, is known formally as the European Economic and Monetary Union.It establishes a common market among i ts 28 member countries. This means that all border controls between members have been eliminated, allowing the free flow of goods and people. The EU common market also means that any product legally manufacture in one member state can be sold in any other member, without tariffs or duties. Taxes have been standardized. Practitioners of most services can operate in all member countries. The cost of airfares, the internet and phone calls have fallen dramatically. By being the EU it affects Wal-Mart because as Wal-Mart is an international accompany it is easier to operate in the EU because the formulas are same and taxes are similar. Also the EU sets regional policies, so if a country in the EU is seek and need help the EU will help. This affects Wal-Mart because their investment will be safer because the EU will not let the country collapse. For Tfl, being in the EU helps because as Tfl provides a transport service it needs to import the goods to improve the infra organize of the L ondon and being in the EU it is easier and with less paperwork to get the goods.Another political factor whichaffects a business is the enhancing of the skills of the working universe of discourse. This means the culture of the youngster of the UK, the training of the working people and research. The government can affect this by the spending it does on the education system and apprenticeships. This affects Wal-Mart because as the UK economy recovery there is an increase in the demand of skilled doers. Wal-Mart needs skill workers for the finance, worry and etc. so with the skilled workers the business can expand. For Tfl, it needs skilled worker because as Tfl provides a transport service it needs engineers how there is a shortage as 88% of employers report not being able to find qualified engineers. Also as Tfl is a publicly funded organisation is has a set budget for employees so the business is at a disadvantage because it cannot pay the same as private businesses. So this is why the enhancing of skilled workers is important for businesses.Finally, another political factor which affects businesses is the government support for different types of organisations. For private businesses, the government gives tax credit to businesses for employing more people or expanding their business. This affects Wal-Mart because this provides a goal because if the grow they will get awarded. Also if Wal-Mart expand they will get bigger profits and with the tax credit, it is easier to grow. For publicly owned companies, the government supports them by salaried for part of their budget and the public businesses dont pay taxes. This affects Tfl because the company doesnt have to worry about taxes cutting into their profits and as the government pay for their budget, there is less worry about paying for everything. So these are five political factors which affect Wal-Mart and Tfl.Legal FactorsLegal factors are things and laws that the government or higher authorities pas s that would have an effect on how business are run. Businesses must(prenominal) operate within the theoretical account of the law. However if the business fails to follow the law then it can lead to fines and even imprisonment of directors. Therefore, businesses give high priority to make sure they comply with the law. There are three main types of laws business follow Company law Tow businesses are set up and run condense law The contract that businesses make with employees, consumers,suppliers and so on Competition law How businesses deal with employees, consumers, suppliers, and so on, and how businesses are allowed to compete with each other.Company lawCompany law is providing a framework for businesses. Company law is the field of law concerning companies and other business organizations. This includes corporations, partnerships and other associations which usually carry on some form of economic or sympathetic activity. One example of a company law is the Companies Act 2 006. This is an Act which was passed by the Parliament of the UK. The act provides a rule book for the companies in the UK. This act is an improvement on the Companies Act 1985 because it now it is To enhance shareholder engagement and a long term investment culture To ensure better regulation and a Think Small First approach To make it easier to set up and run a company andTo provide flexibility for the futureThe key parts of the act isThe Act codifies certain existingcommon lawprinciples, such as those relating todirectors duties. It implements theEuropean UnionsTakeoverand Transparency ObligationsDirectives. It introduces various new purvey forprivateandpublic companies. It applies a single company law regime across the United Kingdom, replacing the two separate (if identical) systems for Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It other amends or restates almost all of the Companies Act 1985 to varying degrees.2 This affects Wal-Mart because as Wal-Mart has a board of directors, th is act states that there must be one somebody as a director and there cannot be one sole director and the minimum age of the director must be 16 days old.This affects Wal-Mart because it needs to employ more individuals to help run the business and this will affect the profits of the business. For Tfl, this act affects the business because as a part states that accounts must be submitted within 9 months of the year end and this is a change from within 10 months. This affects Tfl because now it needs to spend money reorganising the structure of the business so that it can submitthe account on time. Furthermore, a failure to do some will lead to a fine.Contract lawContract law is the protection of consumers and employees. This is a body of law that governs verbal or written agreements relating to exchanges of goods and services, money, and properties. Businesses form contract with many different individual, groups and bodies outside the business. This includeLendersEmployeesConsumers Suppliers of postSuppliers of equipmentSellers of land and buildingFor contract law there is two main types. These are contracts with consumers, and contract with employees. However I will be doing contracts with employees. The legislation I will discuss is employment law. Employment law is the legal relationship between the worker and employer. A key component of employment law is the mankind of a contract. A contract of employment should include details such as names of employer and employee, job title and job description, date employment starts, the place of work, the address of the employer, amount of pay and how it will be paid, hours of work, holiday pay entitlement and notice period undeniable. The contract is legally binding and if the employer or employee breaks the law they can get sued.This affects Wal-Mart because a part of employment law is the minimum wage, which is currently at 6.50 per hour for workers aged 21+. This is the lowest Wal-Mart can go in payment, this affect the choice of Wal-Mart because they cannot decide how much they want to pay but it is forced upon them. For Tfl, the employment law affect them because of parts such as the EU directive call the Working Time Directive. This set out that there should be a minimum rest period of 11 consecutive hours in every 24-hours period. So Tfl have to give their employees this, even if they are falling behind in work, they have to employ a new set of worker to catch up.Competition lawCompetition law is a set of rules that promotes or seeks to maintain marketcompetition by restricting anti-competitive practices by businesses. Also these are laws governing how businesses can compete with each other. For example law against restricting business practices to reduce competition such as two or one businesses agreeing to a set price. Also laws against monopolies and mergers to stop businesses from dominating a particular market. This affects Wal-Mart because this company is one of the largest in the world, so they can investigated by the UKs Competition Commission because they dont want Wal-Mart to be dominate.This affects Wal-Mart because it restrict them to the amount they could grow. For Tfl, the competition law affects them because as Tfl is in the tertiary sector of the economy, it offers contracts to supply them. This law states that Tfl must review all the bids to make it fair. This adds to the time and cost because it will take a longer period of time to process the bids and direct one.Social factorsSocial factors relate to changes in the behaviour, taste and lifestyle of communities on the local, national and international scale. Over time many changes take place in society which are relevant for business organisations, such as inDemographic issuesHouseholds and familiesEducationAttitudes to workChanges in structure of the societyOne social factor is the demographic issues. For the UK, they are experiencing population growth. Currently, the UK population is 64.1 m illion and it grow by 400,000 last year. This is 0.63% increase from the previous year. For businesses this can be a good thing because there will be an increase in demand. Also population growth also means economic growth. For Tfl, population grow has pros and cons. this is because with population grow will mean there is an increase on the amount of people who use the services. So Tfl will have to spend more money to reduce the strain on the service. This affects the profits of the business. However because of the increase in the population there is going to be an increase in revenue because it costs money to use the service. For Wal-Mart, population growthis a good thing because more individuals will use their products. This will increase their profits. Another social factor is the changes in structure in the society. Social structure is the distinctive, stable arrangement of institutions whereby human beings in a society interact and live together.Social structure is often treate d together with the concept of social change, which deals with the forces that change the social structure and the organization of society. For businesses, one way the social structure changes is the ageing of the society. Currently, the UK population is ageing. For Tfl, this affects them because as the population ages, there will be less engineers and such to run the services or build it. For Wal-Mart this affects them because there will be less workers to run the business so Wal-Mart will have to spend more on employees to get the best. Another social factor is education. The average level of education in a society affects the interests and sophistication of consumers. For example, in a community in which a high percentage of potential customers have some form of post-secondary education, small-business owners might use more details and explanations while advertising and promoting products. For Tfl, this affect them because most of Tfls jobs are high skilled, so an educated societ y is important and required to expand. However they can get around it by getting employees around the world.For Wal-Mart it is not as important because they need less educated employees because most of their employees are cashiers and shop assistants. However they need mangers. The UK does have an educated society so the business need not worried. Another social factor for businesses is attitudes to work. This is the way society thinks, feels or behaves to work. For businesses, this is important because businesses need employees who are motivated so that they armorial bearing about. For the UK, the attitude of work is good because this society is a individualistic. This means individuals care about themselves and how they are going to a success. For Tfl, this is important because they want employees to work hard but also care about the people who is going to use the service. This is going to improve the customer experience because if they dont care than the service will not be the best it could be. For Wal-Mart, the attitudes of work is important because the more they care the better the business is.This will affect the profits of the business because customers will like the business because employee will show passion. Another social factor of the business is the attitudes to male and female roles in business. Gender roles are societys concepts of how men and women are expected to act, and are shaped by cultural norms. For the UK, male role and females are one of the most equal in the world. However in some jobs males get more money than females for doing the same job. This affects Tfl because if there is inequality than female will not become engineers and such, which leads to less engineers and Tfl will need to pay more for engineers. So this affects their profits. For Wal-Mart, the gender role affects them because there will be less workers because females will be discouraged to work. Also if females work this will boost the economy and more people will sp end on their business.

Examining The Importance Of Computer Technology Information Technology Essay

Examining The Importance Of Computer Technology Information Technology EssayWhy is the future of calculator engine room an authorised role in the society. Here be few of the reasons why it is an important role to the society. First it is important to the raisingal field, for the reason that about of what we do is based on computers. Second it is important to the business field because it can champion with the speed accuracy and relevant so that businesses can bristle and less expenditure. Third technic all toldy speaking it is important to our economy for the speed the connection around the world and in any case the converse. Lastly technology is one of the important roles in our environment. What I mean by that is that technology helps us to maintain our environment by reducing wastes for example papers, plastic etc. Now those ar some of the importance and also the advantages of the technology. Technology also has its disadvantages and here(predicate) are some.We all k now that technology grow everyday and people inventing are honest eager to invent the most compatible and reliable gadgets to be used by the end users, which is good but at the same time it has its disadvantages here are some of the disadvantages of the technology. The technology makes kids these days lazy and can place children at risk for harmful effects on their somatic, social, and psychological development. Children need physical activity, social interaction, and the love and guidance of caring adults to be healthy, happy, and productive. Nowadays businesses are mostly machine-accessible to internet and do business online which is good however at that place are people out there scamming people with fake businesses online and hackers to hack into your system and steal information or money. The use of computer also results into unemployment as computer can perform the task that might need nearly six to seven workers. Unemployment is likely to result into crimes. Continuous wo rk with computer causes bolshy of eyesight in the long run. Internet, which is wide used to see pornographic scenes, will lead to sex violences and more. To conclude it even though technology has its downside I stable think that in the future it will be beneficial to our society and environment.The Future of Computer TechnologyComputer technology is spreading all over the world. Even though it might wee few disadvantages but the advantages are soothe spectacular and very useful to our society. First up is the education field, in the United States Department of Education researched that children tend to learn more with computers than by reading books or do research using encyclopedias. Computers have slipway to crab students attention by the animated graphics, sound and colors. It also allow student to communicate with their friends, families and the world. In addition educational field, computer is one of the mustiness to know basic because everything we do is somehow related to computer and the technology. (Mr.Pandys article published 2010) states that the importance of computers in school will help students prepared and reach up for the future of technologies. He also says in his article that students who have knowledge in computer will have better chances of art opportunities than others that dont have experiences in computers. Technology in the class dwell is not comely for the students. Teachers can use the technology to keep student records, plan lessons, communicate with parents that will make it them time, or going around with heavy books, chalk, pen, papers etc. so the role of computer technology in the educational field is massive and still eager for more knowledge about the technology world.Majority of businesses today relies on the computer technology in so many ways. Like the thingmabob of the business, few years ago when you walk in to a office you see a lot of filing cabinet or drawers, fax machines, typewriters and papers all over th e place. Todays office relies on a computer that you can send anything anytime store all your data or information on the orthogonal hard drive of computers, also you can just type and print using the computer. Computer helps us in many ways and businesses too. Computer technology also helps us in accuracy and time in the business and the offices. For example the auditor, accountant, and finance there are numerous software for that kind of job that can help with the accuracy of the data and lessen the paper usage that will help our environment. Another importance of the computer and the business is the communication. These days communication is been one of the best thing that has happened in our life. Communication through internet has helped the business in so many ways like meetings, information, updates, expenditures and more. You can score up a meeting with your staffs via network conference like youre sitting next to them. It also saves you time and money for traveling around the globe just for meetings or letters and also it updates you on whats happening in the world. Like (Scholasticus 2010) says, using computers in todays business has enhanced the performance of employees and the business.According to (Geeta Dhavale 2010) she says that computers are widely used in all the hospitals for numerous purposes apart from administration, accounting, billing, and appointments. It literally helps doctors in performing various surgeries especially laparoscopic surgeries are possible because of computers where doctors insert the medical tools and underage camera and conduct an operation with the help of computers monitors. Even X-rays, CT scan, Ultrasound etc they are all computer based. (Evens) says, that Computers are also important on the medicine field for the analysis part so that it will save time and will help you to find a cure for a specific illness. It also important for the doctors so that they can communicate via internet to see the latest updates on the medical field and also be able to do web conferencing with other doctors around the globe.To conclude it, computer technology has been spectacular for these past few years, by being as huge as a room to the size of a book. The importance of computer technology in our society and environment keeps expanding both needs and wants. Elementary schools, high school, college, universities, businesses are both connected to the use of computer and tend to want more. Information Technology programmers have been working finding a way to create the most compatible technology that the end user will be satisfied with it and yet it will all trace back to computers. See computer technology has its disadvantages but the advantages are far better and useful in our lives, it helps us with the speed time, accuracy and relevant. The speed of sending a message via internet is a matter of proceeding and at the same time it saves your time. In the business field and medical field, and the NASA accur acy is their life they cannot afford to make mistakes and that is when the computer comes in handy to help them do the job. To summarize all the information and research are all relevant and useful for the society. Even though computer technology has its disadvantages but still the advantages of computer technology and its future will help our society and will save many life.ResourcesSteve Furberhttp//www.Oxfordjournal.orghttp//www.articlesbase.comEvens Hospital Computer TechnicianPC world Magazine 2008Sebastian Andersen 2009 http//www.uaseducation.comLynDel Randash, www.eHowcom.comGreeta Dhavale www.buzzle.comScholasticus www.buzzle.comFutureforall.org

The effect of concentration of sugar on osmotic activity

The effect of ducking of colewort on osmotic activityScientific TheoryOsmosis is defined as the feat of pee system molecules through a semi- permeable membrane from an area of high absorption to an area of outset concentration until a state of symmetricalness is reached. Equilibrium is reached once enough piddle has moved to balance the solute concentration on two sides of the membrane. Semi-permeable membranes let sm all told molecules such as weewee and group O to travel through it but large molecules such as proteins are prevented from going through it as it is only partly permeable. Osmosis occurs across a partially permeable membrane whenever there is a difference between the water concentrations on the two sides of the membrane. When this happens to the cellular telephones they result either compel turgid if water flows into them, or flaccid if water flows come to the fore of them.In this diagram the membrane separates pure water from a re dissolvent of sucr ose and water. The membrane is semi permeable, water molecules tin fanny cross it but the sucrose molecules are too large. The water resolve will move from a light concentration of solutes to one with a higher(prenominal) concentration of solutes. A solution with pure solutes has to a greater extent molecules that are free to move intimately and follow their concentration gradient across the membrane as a result there will be net movement of water across this membrane from odd to right (shown by the yellow arrows on diagram higher up).Sugar solution has a low water potential (not umpteen water molecules).The water potential in the solution would be lower than that in the murphy cell so the net movement of water will move out of the murphy through its membrane into the carbohydrate solution and so the spuds great deal will decrease. The opposite happens in water where the water potential is much higher than in the potato (almost 0). Here the net movement of water will mov e into the potato in order to reaching equilibrium and so the weight of the potato join ons.AIMTo investigate the effect of variable concentration of a certain sugar solution on the amount of osmotic activity between the solution and two ve repulseables (potato and impudent potato) of the same commode. To investigate if the spare glucose in dulcet potato has an effect on its fold compared to the normal potato.Preliminary workBefore I start to carry out an audition to investigate my aim, I am going to conduct a simple experiment to verify my knowledge of osmosis. Doing this experiment will excessively benefactor me to improve my main experiment.Plan For my preliminary experiment I will be apply three different solutions sugar solution, pure water, a solution consisting of 50% water and 50% sugar solution. I will in any case be utilize potato lop offs which are all equal in clutch. A cork borer will be use to cut out 3 potato cylinders, the mass of the potato cylinde rs will be Mea trued to coerce sure that they are equal in weight. consequently the mass of each of the potato chip will be recorded. Next 3 measuring tubes will be placed on a streak tube rack. employ a measuring cylinder tube 20ml of water, sugar solution and the solution consisting of 50% water and 50% sugar solution will be quantityd out and put into three different tryinging tubes. In order to rid of any mix ups each adjudicate tube will be clearly science labelled. One potato chip will be placed in each solution and left for half an hour. Afterwards the potatoes will be taken out of the solutions and their deal will be measured and recorded.ResultsStarting mass (g)Mass afterward (g)Difference (g)Percent difference100% Water0.480.55 0.07+ 6%50% Water and 50% sugar0.460.43+0.03-14%100 % Sugar0.470.36+0.11-23% drawAnalysisFrom the results that I ease up obtained, I flush toilet see a negative correlation between the concentration of the sugar in the solution and t he mass of the potato chip at the end of the experiment. While the solution containing 100% sugar decreased in mass by 0.11g and the solution containing 50% sugar decreased in mass by 0.03g, the solution that contained 0% sugar increased in mass by 0.07g. This shows that in the two solutions containing sugar the mass decreased because water molecules moved out of the potato chips into the solution. The opposite happened with the water solution water moved from the solution into the potato chip.Overall I was revel with the results as they agreed with what I have already learned about osmosis. The results that I got also showed trends that could later be expanded in my main e experiment. channelisesOver all my preliminary experiment was a success and the results I obtained were precise and useful. However for my main experiment I am going to practise some improvements so that I can bring the best possible results. Firstly I am going to experiment with winning potato chips as well as potato chips because I would like to investigate if the additional glucose in the sweet potato has an effect on its mass. In addition I am going to be using a wider selection of sugar concentrations in order to collect a larger quantity of accurate results. I am going to use water and 4 other concentrations. This will enable me to write a conclusion that is more accurate. In my preliminary experiment I only did the experiment once. I am going to repeat my main experiment three beats, by doing so I will cook more confidence in my results as they will be more reliable. By repeating the experiment I will be able to secernate any anomalies. Further more in my preliminary experiment I could not take the potato chips out of the solutions at the same time. I also encountered this problem when putting the potato chips into the solutions. For my main experiment I am going to overcome this problem by asking a few of my associates to protagonist me put the potato chips into the solution and take them out at the same time. This will make my results more accurate and fair.Main ExperimentPredictionI predict that for the potato chip in water the mass will increase because water has a higher water potential than the potato chip so water molecules will move from the water into the potato chip, causing it to increase in weight. The opposite happens with sugar solution because sugar solution has low water potential so water molecules will move out of the potato chip into the sugar solution. Thus I predict that as the concentration of sugar in the solution increases the mass of the potato cylinders will decrease. I would expect sweet potatoes to have a lower water potential (not many water molecule) than normal potatoes, because they are sweet and therefore must have contain sugar. Hence for the sweet potato chips I predict that at commencement the mass of the sweet potato will increase but, as the concentration of sugar in the solution increases past the isotonic forete ll the mass of the potato cylinders will decrease.I predict that the graphs for the two the vegetables will be similar.My prediction can be demonstrated in the following graphsSweet spudPotatoSafetyWhile I carry out this experiment, it is important to consider safety. Lack of safety in science labs can not only ambuscade me and my fellow class mates but can also produce poor and useless results. Following safety procedures protects the lab, its people and the environment. Safe labs also suffice produce effective results. These are the safety measures I tookAll bags were kept well a guidance from the area of work so that no pathways were being hinder and the risk of someone tripping over was reduced.All stools were tucked in under the tables in order to avoid a passer-by tripping over. both this point and the one above can prove to be fatal if the victim is holding any dangerous equipment e.g. Scalpel, acid etc. It can also cause spills.Loose hair was tied up sleeves rolled up a nd head scarfs tucked away. Hair and clothing can get in the way while working. It is also dangerousand can cause spills, ruin experiments and even potentially harm me or others around me.No earphones, scarves or jewellery was faltering as these can catch on equipment and cause spill or damages.Safely chicken feedes were worn at all times to go steady our eye were protected from and potential danger.It was made sure that the work area was clear of any unnecessary items such as reading books and folders as these can get in the way and cause accidents.Working quietly and carefully. Talking unnecessarily can be a distraction to me and others around me, when distracted it is easier to make mistakes that can not only be dangerous but can also affect my results.Chipped and cracked glass wear was not use as this could open more easily if handled a lot and create a mess. It can also cause injuries. Extreme care was taken when using equipment made of glass e.g. test tubes.Eating and drin king in the labs is forbidden as the food may come into assemble with some harmful substance. This could be unsafe for the consumer.When using knifes a non-slip surface was used to cut on so that no one was injured.After finishing the experiments, I washed my hands because my hands could be contaminated with chemicals, even if they were not used by me.All equipment was safely stored away after use as leaving unwanted equipment around can cause accidents and get in the way.Accuracy and Reliability in that respect are the tasks, which I undertook to ensure reliable and precise results were produced.To eliminate all possibilities of faulty errors I recurrent my experiment three times. In addition, I had no less than 5 different concentrations, so I obtained adequate results.In order to increase the reliability of the results, I found more precise values of mass by using an Electronic balance.When measuring the potato and sweet potato cylinders, I waited for at least 10 seconds to ens ure that the figure displayed on the digital scale was not flicking.If any readings seemed anomalous, I took an additional reading just to be sure.I collaboratively, with the help of 3 other members, measured the mass of the potato and sweet potato cylinders individually. This gave more reliable results as the masses of all the potato cylinders were measured about the same time.I used pieces from the same potato and sweet potato for each of the 5 pieces in each test.I used exactly the same method for each test to make the comparison much more reliable.EquipmentGoggles These were worn for safety reasons to avoid anything from coming into contact with the eyes.Electronic balance I used this apparatus to measure the mass of the potato and sweet potato cylinders before and after they were put in their sub solutions. Electronic balances are also more accurate that normal balances.Test tubes These were used to hold the molar solution and the potato/ sweet potato cylinder for each mol ar solution for every experiment and test.Healthy potatoes This was one of two main vegetables used for the experiment.Healthy sweet potatoes This is the second vegetable that was used for the experiment. This vegetable was mainly used so that I could investigate if the additional glucose in sweet potato has an effect on its mass compared to the normal potato.Chopping control board This was used to cut the potato cylinders on. Using this not only kept the lad neat and tidy but also prevented injuries as it is a non-slip surface. lingua This was used to cut the potato cylinders if the mass was too much.Timer/stop watch This was used to time the experiment. It is also more accurate than using a clock.Paper towels These were used to pat the potatoes run dry before being measured at the end of the experiment. If the potatoes were measured without being dried first thence the additional liquid on the potato can cause it to increase the mass.Test tube rack This was used to hold th e test tubes.Sugar solutions (1 molar and 2 molar) These solutions were very significant for the experiment, as they, with the potato cylinders, caused osmosis to occur.Water Used to make certain concentrations of sugar solution.Cork borer To cut the same shape potato pieces.Measuring cylinder To measure out certain amounts of water and sugar solution.Labels -To labels the test tubes so it is easier to identify the contents inside each test tube.VariablesIn this investigation I had three different variablesThe independent variable This is a factor that can be changed.The dependant variable What you measure and what is affected in the experiment.Fixed variable- The factors you keep the same.The independent variablesI changed the concentration of the sugar solution. I used water, 0.5 molar sugar solution ,1 molar sugar solution, 1.5 molar sugar solution and finally 2 molar sugar solution. I also changed the types of potato used (sweet potato and normal potato)The dependant varia blesI measured the mass of the sweet potatoes and potatoes before placing in the solutions and after. This is something that is affected during the course of the experiment.Fixed variableAll the potatoes and sweet potatoes I used were that same in mass (0.64g). The pile of each solution in each test tube was also the same (20ml). In addition I kept the potato and sweet potatoes in the solutions for the same length of time (40 minutes)Fair testIt is only by carrying out a fair test that I can be sure that it is what I have changed (independent variable) that is affecting what I measured (dependent variable).In order to get accurate results I needed to ensure that my test was fair.Therefore in this experiment I controlledThe volume of solution in each beakerThe mass of the potatoes and sweet potatoes at the start of the experimentThe length of time the potatoes and sweet potatoes were left in the solution.I ensured that the potato and sweet potato cylinders were put in the solutions and taken out of the solutions at the same time.MethodFirstly get 2 test tube racks and place 5 test tubes on each rack label one test tube rack sweet potato and label the other rack potatoGet some sticky labels and label each test tube with the solution it is going to contain (water, 0.5 molar, 1 molar, 1.5 molar, 2 molar,). Do this for the test tubes on both racks.Using the measuring cylinder measure out 20ml of 1 molar sugar and pour into the test tube labelled 1 molar.Then measure out 20 ml of 2 molar sugar solution and pour in to the test tube marked 2 molar.After measure out 20 ml of water and pour in to the test tube marked waterNext make the different concentrations of sugar solution. (1 molar and 2 molar are already provided).-To make 0.5 molar use the measuring cylinder to measure out 5 ml of 1 molar sugar solution and 15ml of water. Mix these together and pour into the test tube labelled 0.5 molar.To make 1.5 molar use the measuring cylinder to measure out 15 ml of 1 mola r sugar solution and 5ml of water. Mix these together and pour into the test tube labelled 1.5 molar.(Do the above 5 points for all the test tubes on both racks. By the end of point 6 you should have two test tube racks one labelled potato and the other labelled sweet potato, each rack must hold 5 test tubes, each test tube must be labelled with the solution that it holds e.g. water, 1 molaretc.)Afterwards, get a healthy potato make sure the skin is peeled. Using the cork borer cut out 5 potato cylinders.Using the electronic balance, weigh all the potato cylinders. They should all weigh around 0.64g. If they dont then alter them accordingly using a chopping bored and knife and place to a side. Remember to record the masses.Subsequently, get a healthy sweet potato. at one time again make sure the skin has been peeled. Using the cork borer cut out 5 potato cylinders.Using the electronic balance, weigh all the sweet potato cylinders. They should all weigh around 0.64g. If they dont th en alter them accordingly using a knife and a chopping bored. Remember to record the masses.Then both the sweet potato and normal potato must be put in to the solutions, each test tube must contain either 1 potato cylinder or 1 sweet potato cylinder. Make sure all the cylinders of potatoes and sweet potatoes are dropped into the solutions at the same time (ask help from classmates if needed). The timer should also be started now.(Leave the solutions in this state for 4o min)After 40 min, the potatoes and sweet potatoes must be removed from their solutions. Again, they should all be taken out at the same time (again ask for help if needed). Make sure the potato cylinders do not get mixed up ensure that you know which cylinder came from which solution.Dry each cylinder and measure its mass one by one. Ensure that the masses are recorded once again.(All the above was repeated 2 more times to increase the reliability in my results)DiagramObservationsDuring the experiment I spy that som e of the potato and sweet potato cylinders in higher concentrations of sugar started to float. In the 1.5 and 2 molar sugar solutions the potato has higher water potential that the sugar solution so water molecules from the potato cells would have moved into the sugar solution, this made the potato cylinders float to the top of the solution rather than stay at the bottom of the beaker because it became lighter. This happened after somewhat 10 -15 minutes. After approximately 20 minutes the potato cell in 1 molar sugar solution started to float as well. This is because as the potato cells are losing water molecules, they gradually become lighter. The potato in water did not float, nor were there any visible changes. All the above applies to both the sweet potato and normal potato.A difference I noticed between the two types of potato was that while the potato in the 0.5 molar solution floated a slightly, the sweet potato in the 0.5 molar solution did not float at all, it remained st ill, similar to the potato cylinders in water. I also noticed that the potato cylinders floated higher than the sweet potato cylinders.CalculationsBelow are the calculations I did to work our various aspect of the resultsPercentage change in mass = Change in mass x 100Original massAverages = All three masses in one category addedThe number of different massesChange in mass = New Mass Original MassAnalysisBoth the graphs show negative correlation between the concentration of the sugar in the solution and the mass of the potato chip at the end of the experiment. It is clear from the graphs that osmosis has taken place.Potato For the potato cylinder put in water (0% sugar) the potatoes mass has increased 21.87% form 0.64 grams to 0.73 grams, this shows that because water has a higher water potential than the potato cylinder, water molecules have moved from the water into the potato causing its weight to increase. When this happens the cell becomes turgid (hard and swollen).For the pot atoes in all the other solutions (1 molar, 0.5 molar, 1.5 molar and 2 molar) the mass of the potatoes decreased. This shows that water molecules have moved out of the potato cell into the sugar solutions. When a cell loses water in such a way the cell become flaccid, which is the opposite of turgid.Sweet potato For the sweet potato cylinder that was placed in water the mass increased as expected. This happened because water moved from the solution into the sweet potato.For all the other molarities, except the sweet potato placed in 0.5 molar solution, the changes were the same as for the potato. For the sweet potato placed in 0.5 molar solution the mass increased from 0.64 grams to 0.65 grams. There was a 0.01 gram increase in the mass of the sweet potato by the end of the experiment. This suggests that my prediction was correct I expected sweet potatoes to have a lower water potential than normal potatoes because they are sweet and therefore must have contain sugar. Hence for the sweet potato chips I predicted that at first the mass of the sweet potato will increase but, as the concentration of sugar in the solution increases past the isotonic point the mass of the potato cylinders will decrease. There was a 0.01 gram increase in the mass of the sweet potato by the end of the experiment. 0.01g is extremely closemouthed to 0g. On the graph, if you look at this point, it is clear that the range bar is in between 1.56% and 0%. If there had been a 0% change in mass, it would mingy that a state of equilibrium had been reached. This is a point where the concentration of water inside the sweet potato cell is the same as the concentration of water in the solution which the sweet potato is in. my results imply that the reason the mass of the sweet potato in the 0.5 molar sugar solution increased in because the water potential of the sweet potato was slightly lower than that of the water. As a result water molecules moved in to the sweet potato cell. The sweet potat o in 1.5 molar sugar solution decreased weight because the concentration of sugar in the solution had increased passed the isotonic point (equilibrium). finishMy graphs show that osmosis has taken place. There was a negative correlation between the concentration of sugar in the solution and the mass of the potato or sweet potato cell at the end of the experiment. Over all the results that I obtained have answered my aim varying the concentration of the sugar does have an affect on the mass of the vegetable and the additional sugar in sweet potato does have an effect on its mass when compared with normal potatoes.With the results I have obtained I can conclude that the higher the concentration of sugar in the solution, the more mass the potato looses. The graph also shows that the opposite happened when the concentration of water in the solution is higher. So I can conclude this by saying the higher that concentration of water in the solution the more mass the potato gains. This appl ies for both the potato and sweet potato. However because of the additional sugar in the sweet potato, the mass of the sweet potato will only decrease after the concentration of sugar in the solution increases past the isotonic point (point of equilibrium).To make full sense of the conclusion, a recap on osmosis and the affect on cells are required. When there is a high concentration of water in the solution and a plant cell with low concentration of water into water, the water would move into the plant cell by osmosis. Osmosis is defined as the movement of water molecules through a semi- permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until a state of equilibrium is reached. Equilibrium is reached once enough water has moved to balance the solute concentration on both sides of the membrane. Osmosis occurs across a partially permeable membrane whenever there is a difference between the water concentrations on the two sides of the membrane. When this happens to the cells they will either become turgid if water flows into them, or flaccid if water flows out of them.The results that I have obtained in this experiment support the prediction that I made using scientific theory and my preliminary experiment.EvaluationOverall I was please with the results that I gained as they agreed with what I have already learned about osmosis. I believe I have gained reliable results, which supports the scientific theory. After making changes to my main experiment from the preliminary experiment I faced no difficulties. The equipment that I used was suitable, I managed to collect adequate data and the investigation that I organised was effective, as can be seen from my results. I was able to get enough results to come to a strong and explanative conclusion. I believe that my results were reasonably accurate as I did the experiment 3 times and found that the repeated results were mostly very close together. With these results I was able to con struct two, very accurate and informative graphs.My results were free from any major anomalies that did not fit the unshakable pattern. However there were one or two very minor anomalies that could have been caused by the followingSome limitations or experimental errors could have occurred during the investigation, which I did not realise and could have led to some miscalculations in my results. The main limitation could have been the change in temperature of the room during the experiment. High temperatures could have altered the rate at which osmosis takes place. Another potential problem in the investigation may be tampering, as the investigation was carried out in a lab which is in constant use. This could have resulted in students playing with the apparatus, which could have affected the out come of my results. Also when drying the potato chips after the allotted time it was required that they would have excess water on them, and so we dabbed them with paper towels to remove it. However, in doing this we could have removed water that was not excess, and altered our results.To make my investigation more reliable and accurate I could make some improvements. Firstly I could use a wider and more precise rage of sugar concentrations. If I did this I would have a wider range of results to work with so it would be more accurate and I would be able to come to a more secure conclusion. Another improvement I would make if repeating the experiment is to dry all the potato cylinders the same. I used paper towels to dry the potato cylinders, which caused variation between the potatoes as sum where dried more thorough and for longer than others which affects their mass, and those potato cylinders that have not been dried as much as others will have more excess water and therefore a greater mass. In the future I would develop a method to dry the potatoes in a way that is fair.Further investigations may be to investigate using lengths or shapes of potatoes, to see aff ect of osmosis upon them. I could do a comparative degree study, where I see the effects of osmosis on potatoes which have been altered to do specific breeding, e.g. grow in a hot climate, etc. I could do a study into surface area or the effects of temperature upon osmosis, to identify the best temperature in which osmosis occurs. I could also investigate the affects of osmosis on different vegetables such as aubergine, turnip, carrots.

The Deposition From the Cross : Art Analysis

The depositary From the Cross Art AnalysisThe Deposition from the CrossThe Deposition from the Cross is a Jacopo Pontormos oil on wood painting which placed at the Capponi Chapel altar in the Santa Felicitac perform in Florence. The Deposition is one of the classical prospects that render the life of Jesus in the medieval art. And as a result of the convolutions of the composition, it is one in which Renaissance artists had a constant curiosity to draw such as Raphael and Caravaggio and more others. So one of my big interests of this painting is the story lay behind the deposition from the cross itself and why it became an authorized pendant for Pontormo and the others. moreover the disposition insures, with it are piercingly replicated appearances, vivid and ruthless colors are merged in a bleak and firmed space which opens a big disregard for me of the description of this painting. In this report I will also focus on the differences of the faces of the grieving throngs and the figure of Madonna. Also, I will talk about the fiction that attached with this painting that Pontormo had a drawn a self-portrait in the painting as Joseph of Arimathea.The Deposition from the Cross is the surviving masterpiece painting done by Jacopo Pontorm and done around 1525-1528, It is an oil in wood and the size of the painting is 313 X 192 cm and the location of this painting is in Capponi Chapel in Santa Felicita di Firenze church in Florence 1.This painting shows a landscape at night with about 11 figures. The figures make a replicated sharp form that make most of them confront the same. The most capturing figure is a man that is hold up by 2 other figure. The man that holds up is half bare with only a small piece of olive color fabric covering his privies. The mans hair is little long and orange and with also an orange bear. One of the two figures that guardianship the nude man is man whos holding the legs. The man has a strange pinky colored back skin that it lo oks like a sun cut down but not for sure. Another figure which is hard to distinguish if is it is a man or a woman whos holding the upper part of the nude man. Although the two figures are carrying the mass of a mature man, they hardly appear to touch the land under them. The other figures look almost the same and the spaces surrounded by them are really small. All the figures rest 9 figures are appear to be women and all of them are almost wearing the same room of cloth except the bearded figure at the far right in the background of the picture. These figures seem to be a little different from the rest 10 figures since it looks out of the picture and look as if it added later to the painting. The landscape of the painting is very limited with only one shade cloud and a ghastly ground with a wrinkled olive colored sheet. The figurs looks like if they mournering some one.The Deposition from the Cross, is considered by many art historian to be Pontormos existing masterpiece. The D eposition generates a scene of whirlling group who moving with a sensitively emotional feeling while the Jesuss bole is carryed down from the cross and presented to his mother bloody shame. Even though that normally The Deposition from the Cross is desciping Juses been lowered down from the cross but the unpresent of the actual cross in the painting, make many historian to matter the subject of this picture and concider it as doubtful type of paint. Also the two boys that holding juses have infered in the past as two Angles whose helping the messiah in his crossing to Heaven. So the presnt of the two angle and the lack of the cross create an presumption for some historian to consider the scene to be more accurately be called a Lamentation which decribe those who are supporting the Christ who appear as distressed as the mourners. However the lack of any visible grave accent interrupts that presumption, just as the lack of cross creates a dilemma for the Deposition analysis. It has also been distinguished by art historian that the locations of Virgin and her child the Christ appear to replicate Michelangelos famous work the Piet, although in phontormo piece in the Deposition shows the mother and son have been split.Therefore this painting cosider to be really contovershial since it carries an essentials of a Lamentation and Entombment and also the Piet1. On the other side Legend has it that Pontormo had set himself in self-portrait as Joseph of Arimathea at the upper right of the image The figure does not appear in a elementary drawing of the altarpiece realized for relocate, suggesting that Pontormo may have decided to squeeze it during the finishing of the painting. Unlike of the other, much(prenominal) freer and more summary beginning sketches he made for the altarpieces, this drawing is highly finished, with a subtle rendreing of the highlights of the face demonstrating that Pontormo was thinking about its tonallity for the painting. His focus here on in ternal emotion suggested through facial expression contrasts with the much more lively vision of himself that he made during his rest at Galluzo 3.The figures, with their sharply model forms and brilliant colors are united in an enormously complex, swirling ovular composition, housed by a shallow, somewhat flattened space.The Deposition from the Cross, or Descent, is the scene, as portrayed in art, from the Gospel account of Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus taking Christ down from the cross after his crucifixion (John 1938-42). In Byzantine art the topic became commonplace in the 9th century, and in the West from the 10th century. The Descent from the Cross is the 13th Station of the Cross. Other figures not mentioned in the Gospels who are often include in depictions of this subject include St. John the Evangelist, who is sometimes depicted supporting a fainting bloody shame (as in the work below by Van der Weyden), and Mary Magdalene. The Gospels mention an undefined number of women as watching the crucifixion, including the Three Marys, (Mary Salome being mentioned in Mark (Mark 1540), and also that the Virgin Mary and Mary Magdalene saw the burial (Mark 1547). These and further women and unnamed male helpers are often shown. The scene was usually included in medieval cycles of the Life or the Passion of Christ, between the Crucifixion and the Entombment of Christ. Even in early depictions the details and posing of the composition, and especially the position of Christs body, are varied. The Pieta or Lamentation, showing the body of Christ held by Mary, may intervene between these two, and is common as an individual image, especially in sculpture. The Bearing of the body, showing Christs body being carried to his tomb, and the anointment of Christs body, showing the body laid flat on the top of the tomb or a similarly-shaped anointing-stone are other scenes that may be shown. This last is especially important in Orthodox art, where it is shown on the Ep itaphios. With the Renaissance the subject became popular for altarpieces, partly because of the challenges of the composition, and the suitability of its vertical shape. The Mannerist version of Rosso Fiorentino is usually regarded as his most important work, and Pontormos altarpiece is perhaps his most ambitious work. The subject was painted several times by both Rubens and Rembrandt, who repeated one of his paintings (now Munich) in a immense print, his only one to be mainly engraved, as well as making two other etchings of the subject.Pontormos in his composition used the mannerist style to show the characteristics of the figure.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Case Study Essay -- Case Study

Case Study A thirty six year old mannish has developed severe muscle weakness throughout the body. The condition began fifteen months ago with a left foot drop and within a year, he described difficulty with speech and swallowing, muscle twitching and cramping, and muscular atrophy throughout the upper and lower limbs. Within the last two months, his breathing has force more difficult, and there has been a noticeable difference in his voice. Prior to the fifteen months, he presented little to no symptoms. The patient, a medical doctor, has a wife and two young children. What began as seemingly innocent muscle weakness and cramping has lead to this patients fatal diagnosis. He is one of 2.5 per 100,000 people ecumenic who have been diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and will mostly likely die of respiratory failure within 2 to 3 years. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS is a is a highly degenerative disease involving the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord th at control voluntary movement. The disease is sometimes referred to as Lou Gehrigs after the New York Yankees baseball player who was diagnosed with ALS in 1939. The disease causes degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. These neurons connect the brain stem and spinal cord to muscle fibers and send electric impulses to the muscles. Without proper communication, the muscles begin to weaken and atrophy. Individuals with ALS will lose their ability for voluntary muscular control. Usually, vesica and bowel control are spared, though this is not always the case. Cognitive functions and sensory nerves are also typically spared, but the affected individuals whitethorn present symptoms of dementia.Initial symptoms generally include muscular weak... ...ological degeneration could happen in such a swift manner. I only hope that a better understanding of the causes of ALS can help find a cure. Works CitedALSInfo Lou Gherigs Disease (ALS) Internet. 2011. Sanofi aventis US LLC last updated 2011 November 8 cited 2012 March 22. Available from http//www.alsinfo.com/ convert SM. 2001. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Update on Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology, and Management. In Riolo L, editor. Topics in Physical Therapy Neurology. American Physical Therapy Association. Lesson 9.McKinley MP, OLoughlin VD. 2006. Nervous System Disorders. In Wheatley CH, editor. Human anatomy. 2nd ed. capital of Massachusetts (MA) McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p 431.Umphred DA. 2001. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. In Allen A, Zipperlen R, editors. Neurological rehabilitation. 4th ed. St. Louis (MO) Mosby. p 363-385.

Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale Essay -- Atwood Handmaids Tale

Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids TaleThe Historical Notes are important in the way we perceive the allegory asthey answer many important questions raised by the novel and alsoenhance some of the novels main themes.The first question it answers is the one raised at the end of thenovel that is whether Offred is stepping up into the,darkness, orthe, light. The endorser finds out that Offred escaped Gilead,presumably into Canada, with the help of the,Underground Femaleroad.The ratifier also learns that it was Nick who orchestrated her escape,using his position as a member of the Eyes. This is important to thenovel as it means that the novel can feasibly be a transcript of herstory, a story she could not have told if she was dead. It is alsoimportant in a much more simple sense, that it satisfies the readerscuriosity over what happens to the main character and brings the novelto a more satisfactory close. Over the course of the novel the readerhas built up a close relationship with Offre d through her telling herstory completely in the first person. This has the effect of makingthe reader touch a close connection with Offred, and care what happensto her.The Historical Notes also place the novel in its historical context.The notes tell the reader the story of why Gilead utilize theHandmaids in the first place, with the widespread reproductionproblems caused by the, AIDS epidemic, and leakages from, chemicalwarfare stocks. This is important to the novel as a whole as itoutlines the reasons Gilead has for implementing the Handmaids andshows that there was an veritable reason behind the methods of Gilead.This has the effect of making the society seem more realistic, whichadds... ... The fact that Piexto criticizes Offred forher account, she does not see fit to supply us with her originalname, demonstrates his misinterpretation of the account, that Piextosees it purely in the context of what he can learn from it aboutGilead, and does not seem to care for Offreds, wh iff of emotion, orwhat Offred seems to have suffered through. The fact that Piextoslecture is base on , Problems of Authentication, over again shows acomplete disregard for what Offred went through, and againdemonstrates his misunderstanding of the entire Tale. Atwood usesPiextos misunderstanding to again make a warning to society againthat what happens in the novel could happen again. This could again bea comment on society and university education by Atwood that everyoneis so concerned with facts, figures and dates, they often forget, the serviceman heart.

Maya Angelou Essay example -- essays research papers

Maya Angelou has dedicated her life to endprejudices faced by some(prenominal) black females in the 20th century.As an author, poet, and entertainer, she is known best forher strong picture of African-American women. Some ofher most outstanding take a crap is the serial publication of autobiographiesthat she wrote telling about her childhood. Her work hascontributed immensely to Americans everywhere. She hasalso broken many barriers for black women in writing,entertainment, and in film making. Maya Angelou is definitelya positive role model to people everywhere. Maya Angelouhas made many contributions through her poetry, writing,songwriting, acting, and film directing. She has written aseries of autobiographical books focusing on her childhooduntil the birth of her own child, ten of which have appearedon the best selling list (Biography 1). The most reputableof the novels is I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. This is avery controversial novel dealing with many serious issuesinclud ing rape and murder. It is her most critically acclaimedwork and was nominated for the National Book Award(Maya American 1). She often writes using a female as thestrong role model. In addition, she has published manydistinguished poems which have received recognition bymany people including electric chair Clinton. Her poem On thePulse of Morning was chosen by President Clinton to beread at the 1993 presidential inauguration. Many of hervolumes of poetry have been nominated for the Pulitzer Prizeinclu...