Symbolism in Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage Essay

In the novel The Red Badge of Courage, by Stephan Crane, the author uses symbolism to illustrate the main character’s actions and the setting’s scenery. Henry Fleming, the protagonist of the novel, cannot decide whether he can be a hero or if he will fall as a coward. The symbolism used in The Red Badge of Courage represents Henry’s decision to fight proudly and how common items mean more than what meets the eye. Stephan Crane was born in 1871 in New Jersey. At the age of twenty-two, he published his first novel, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. Later on, Crane wrote sketches and short stories for newspapers in New York. It was not until his second novel, The Red Badge of Courage, got published in 1895 that he became a well-known†¦show more content†¦Henry runs until he sees a dead soldier. Henry decides to go back to find his regiment but he finds a group that is taking care of wounded soldiers. He finds Jim Conklin as one of the wounded soldiers a nd cares for him along with a tattered soldier. Jim later dies and Henry is left alone with the tattered soldier alone in the woods. Henry leaves the tattered soldier to die alone in the forest because of him asking Henry too many questions about a wound that Henry does not have. Afterward, Henry is reunited with his regiment. In revenge for Jim Conklin’s death, Henry finds his inner courage and fights in the next battle alongside his friend, Wilson. He and Wilson fight until the end. Henry decides to hold the flag during the next battles that they win. At the end, Henry feels guilty for leaving the tattered soldier to die alone but decides to put it behind him because of all the good that he had done during the battles. For every time Henry was discouraged in this short novel, something pushed him back to positive thinking for himself. Joseph Conrad, a writer, says, â€Å"the greatest decision that Henry made was running from battle†¦that brought about finding the dead soldier† (143). During the beginning of the novel, Henry flees at a second battle. He runs deep into the forest in which the battle is taking place. He finds a tree that Crane describes as â€Å"a chapel.† In this chapel, Henry finds a dead soldier. At this vital point, HenryShow MoreRelated Symbols and Symbolism in Cranes The Red Badge of Courage Essay1962 Words   |  8 PagesCharacters as Symbols in Cranes The Red Badge of Courage    The Red Badge of Courage was a significant novel in the way that the characters were portrayed. Crane hardly ever used the actual names of the soldiers. He simply described them as the loud soldier, the tall soldier, the cheery soldier, and the tattered soldier. Crane made the characters stand out in the use of describing them and promoting their relationship with Henry and his struggle during the battles. Crane did a fantasticRead MoreA Critique Of Stephen Cranes Use Of Symbolism In Red Badge Of Courage And An Episode Of War1194 Words   |  5 Pages(A critique of Stephen Crane’s use of symbolism in Red Badge of Courage and An Episode of War) A tortured man who wrote beautifully tortured tales, Edgar Allan Poe, wrote in his one and only novel, â€Å"...words have no power to impress the mind without the exquisite horror of their reality†. No writer creates reality better than Stephen Crane (1871 -1900). Crane is greatly commended for his naturalistic style of writing, which has the goal of writing the most realistic representation of events withRead MoreStephen Crane: The Literary Red Badge871 Words   |  3 Pageswithin The Red Badge of Courage once said: â€Å"The men dropped here and there like bundles. The captain of the youths company had been killed in an early part of the action. His body lay stretched out in the position of a tired man resting, but upon his face there was an astonished and sorrowful look, as if he thought some friend had done him an ill turn.† (Source insert correct citation in final draft†¦from http://www.shmoop.com/red-badge-of-courage/warfare-quotes-3.html). The quote, from The Red BadgeRead MoreSimilarities Between A Separate Peace And The Red Badge Of Courage1020 Words   |  5 Pagesaverage citizen may not take the time to look for symbols in the real world. Those same citizens also may not notice that an object could have a hidden meaning. In the novels The Red Badge of Courage, by Stephen Crane, and A Separate Peace, by John Knowles, both contain symbols that help represent the novels overall theme. Crane’s novel is about a young boy named Henry, who fights in the Civil War. He goes through many internal conflicts from deciding to run or deciding to stay and fight the enemy. Knowles’Read MoreThemes And Symbols In The Red Badge Of Courage992 Words   |  4 PagesSymbols have a huge role in the everyday life. Somebody gives their loved one a red rose to express the love that they have for them. While the bride and the groom wear white apparels to their wedding to represent the new life, that they are starting together. In the novel , The Red Badge of Courage, written by Stephen Crane, a boy named Henry Fleming learns to face his fears. In the novel, A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles, Gene goes back to his old school and recalls the events that happenedRead MoreThe Naturalist Movement: The Monster, and The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane3096 Words   |  13 Pagespoor suffered and remained poor. Humans cannot, in the eyes of a Naturalist, make effective change to their standing in life. The Naturalistic influence in The Monster and The Red Badge of Courage created common philosophies in the novels. The Monster is believed to be based off several events that occurred during Crane’s life (Nagel). Stephen got the idea of a man without a face from Levi Hume. Levi suffered from cancer which ate away his face and left him a faceless man, much like Henry JohnsonRead MoreRealism and Romanticism within The Red Badge of Courage1595 Words   |  6 PagesRealism and Romanticism Within The Red Badge of Courage The Red Badge of Courage, written by Stephan Crane in 1895 gives a detailed, yet, fictional account of Henry Fleming, a farm boy who joins the Union Army in the American Civil War. Before Henry is battle-tested, he ponders his courage and questions whether he will be able to fight the urge to flee from battle. Henry does indeed end up deserting his comrades however he ultimately overcomes his guilt and becomes one of the best fighters in hisRead MoreEssay Red Badge of Courage756 Words   |  4 PagesThe Red Badge of Courage Kelsey Christian The book The Red Badge of Courage was a very moving and interesting book that has many examples of the literary devices; irony, motif, and metaphor. These three things are very important in many forms of writing. Irony is an outcome of events different to what was or might have been expected. Motif is a recurring theme, symbol, or idea in artistic or literary work. An extended metaphor is the comparison of one thing to another that recurs throughout theRead MoreRed Badge of Courage Book Report.1765 Words   |  8 PagesThe Red Badge of Courage is a fictional story of a young soldier named Henry Fleming, who finds himself by overcoming his inner fears in a series of events during the Civil War. Henry is an average farm boy from New York, who dreams of being a true war hero. He has enlisted in the 304th New York regiment, which fights for the Unionist forces. The rising action for this novel is of Henry trying to overcome his struggle with courage. This changes when a dear friend, Ji m, dies right before his eyesRead More Stephen Cranes Red Badge of Courage Essay1237 Words   |  5 PagesStephen Cranes Red Badge of Courage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When reading the Red Badge of Courage, it is necessary to understand the symbolism that Stephen Crane has created throughout the whole book. Without understanding the true intent of color use, this book loses a meaningful interpretation that is needed to truly understand the main character, his feelings and actions. Crane uses very distinct colors in his text to represent various elements that the main character, Henry or â€Å"the youth†, is feeling along

Germany The German Problem - 1418 Words

Ellie Smith Dr. Faegri POSC 344.03 September 5, 2014 Part One: Key Terms The German Problem: The German Problem occurred prior to World War I, when Germany’s neighboring states feared the fast-growing economy and expansion of Germany after Otto Van Bismarck had unified it. Germany posed a threat to the rest of Europe because it had the potential to dominate empires that had controlled Europe for centuries. The â€Å"German Problem† is significant because it was never resolved. The Versailles Treaty took away territory that previously belonged to Germany, but it was in the will of Hitler to gain back this territory, hence starting WWII. The Eastern Question: The Eastern Question was the political issue regarding the control of Ottoman territories leading up to its collapse in the 19th century. Following the disintegration of the empire, a power vacuum emerged in the Balkans and Middle East. The diplomacy of the Eastern Question led to the blossoming if nationalism and additional independence movement throughout former Ottoman territories. These nationalist movements led a radical Serbian to assassinate Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand, a major contributing factor to the commencement of World War I. President Wilson’s Fourteen Points: A speech by U.S President Woodrow Wilson, which outlines fourteen goals that the U.S would complete to bring peace to Europe following World War I. The fourteen points drafted a policy that stressed democracy, self-determination, free trade andShow MoreRelatedThe Reasons of the German Reunification Essay1281 Words   |  6 Pages The division of Germany into West Germany and East Germany emerged as a stopgap solution for the woeful state of the nation following its defeat in the Second World War. With the United States (US) ultimately gaining full control over West Germany, East Germany increasingly became alienated towards it, as it went under the influence of the Soviet Union (USSR). West Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), rapidly grew into one of the most politically and economically influentialRead MoreDescribe the Problems the Weimar Republic Faced in the Early 1920’s1658 Words   |  7 PagesRepublic f aced a lot of problems during the 1920’s. Germany had just been defeated in the First World War and the Government that had just come into power had no other choice but to sign the Armistice. The German people was angered by this because they believed that they had been ‘stabbed in the back’ which I will explain later in this essay. There was then a peach group that was formed called The Treaty of Versailles but this Treaty didn’t look favourably on Germany and made German pay huge reparationsRead MoreGermany, And The Federal Republic Of Germany1424 Words   |  6 PagesHistory Germany, or the Federal Republic of Germany, was officially founded 1871 by Otto von Bismarck. Since then, Germany has had a rich history. As a young nation looking to get more territory, Germany fought in World War I. However, its loss in the war led to severe punishments in the Treaty of Versailles, leading to bitterness and resentment among the German people, as well as an economic depression. These harsh conditions helped to set the stage for Fascism in Germany. Toppling the Weimar RepublicRead MoreEssay Reunification of Germany1727 Words   |  7 Pagesmarked the official end of communism within Germany, in reality problems were arising from the processes that were unexpected by the people of Germany. The reunification was implemented ineffectively by incompetent management amidst unfavourable economic and social circumstances which resulted in political, economic and social consequences as problems associated with the East far outweighed the advantages that could be provided by the West. Indeed, German citizens dreamed that the West could provideRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles Ended The Great War1417 Words   |  6 PagesVersailles caused the rise of Nazi Germany because of the hatred toward the unfair treaty, the harsh reparations that aided increasing economic hardships, and the promise of power, land, and wealth after it had all been taken away. German people hated the unfair treaty and its harsh terms. The Treaty of Versailles took away German land and attempted to prevent the country from being a world power. The states of Poland and Czechoslovakia were created from part of the German Empire as a buffer zone fromRead MoreDenmark and the Third Reich1137 Words   |  5 PagesDenmark, a small country north of Germany was going about its normal routines as the strength of the Nazis under the Third Reich, the government led by Adolf Hitler, began to grow. Then in an instant it all changed. The Danes had signed a pact with Germany in 1939 and were completely taken by surprise when German airplanes flooded the skies. The Danish had no way to defend themselves and surrendered within hours on April 9, 1940. Hitler had planned to take Denmark because he had found that it hadRead MoreWhy did Germany lose the First World War in 1918? An essay answering the question of why Germany lost and why they lost when they did.1509 Words   |   7 PagesWhy did Germany lose the First World War in 1918? The First World War was a huge event which ended abruptly; going from huge German advances after March 1918 to Germany asking for peace later that year: they were forced from a hard hitting offensive to defeat for various reasons: One of the key reasons for Germanys defeat is the internal problems suffered by Germany from late 1917. Morale in the ranks of the Germany army was diminished to a painfully low point: they were exhausted from the springRead MoreGermany Of The Second Reich1478 Words   |  6 PagesSecond Reich, Germany was being molded for future generations to come. The positions which would be taken during this empire were very important for the German people. From the genesis of the Second Reich, many Germans believed that they were superior to other nations. This thought process instilled within the German base, a sense of Nationalism, which would a fundamental pillar throughout German history over the years. Wilhelm II helped fuel this sense of nationalism while emperor of Germany. WilhelmRead MoreThe Impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany Essay529 Words   |  3 PagesThe Impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany The Treaty of Versailles was received very badly within Germany. The nation had been blamed entirely for the first world war and had been forced to pay compensation to the allies under the war guilt clause of the treaty. The war guilt clauses not only made the Germans accept responsibility for the war but also cost them dearly. 10% of German lands were lost as a result, all of Germanys overseas colonies were taken awayRead MoreHow Far Did the Weimar Republic Recover Under Stresemann?1139 Words   |  5 Pagesproblematic time for the Weimar Republic. There were still huge economic, political and social problems following the First World War. The Weimar Government had been forced to accept the humiliating and crippling terms of the Treaty Of Versailles meaning Germany was put under a huge amount of strain. Germanys standing in the world had been limited greatly by the Treaty as well. Stresemann had to address these problems and begin recovery of the Weimar Republic even under the harsh terms of the Treaty.

Breastfeeding Free Essays

Preparation Outline Lindsay Hamann Topic: Breastfeeding Specific Goal: I want the audience to understand how beneficial it can be for both the baby and the mother to breast feed, even if only for a little bit of time. Thesis: Breast milk is best for your baby. The benefits of breastfeeding extend way beyond basic nutrition. We will write a custom essay sample on Breastfeeding or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition to containing all of the vitamins and nutrients your baby needs in the first six months of life, breast milk is packed with disease-fighting substances that protect your baby from illness. Introduction I. Breastfeeding protects your baby from a long list of illnesses. A. Numerous studies have shown that stomach viruses, lower respiratory illnesses, ear infections, and meningitis occur less often in breastfed babies and are less severe when they do happen. Exclusive breastfeeding (meaning no solid food, formula, or water at all) for at least six months seems to offer the most protection. B. One study done by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences showed that children who are breastfed have a 20 percent lower risk of dying between the ages of 28 days and 1 year than children who weren’t breastfed, with longer breastfeeding associated with lower risk. II. The main immune factor at work during breastfeeding is a substance called secretory immunoglobulin, that’s present in large amounts in colostrum. (The first milk your body produces for your baby). The substance guards the baby against invading germs by forming a protective layer on the mucous membranes in your baby’s intestines, nose, and throat. III. Your breast milk is specifically tailored to your baby. Your body responds to virus and bacteria that are in your body and makes secretory immunoglobulin that’s specific to those pathogens, creating protection for your baby based on whatever you’re exposed to. Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800s iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/dying-of-breast-cancer-in-the-1800s/embed/#?secret=9RHMDIcjhl" data-secret="9RHMDIcjhl" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800s#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe IV. Breastfeeding’s protection against illness lasts beyond your baby’s breastfeeding stage, too. Studies have shown that breastfeeding can reduce a child’s risk of developing certain childhood cancers. Although, scientists don’t know exactly how breast milk reduces the risk, however, they think antibodies in breast milk give the baby’s immune system a boost. Breastfeeding may also help children avoid a host of diseases that strike later in life, such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, and inflammatory bowel disease. For babies who aren’t breastfed, researchers have documented a link between lack of breastfeeding and later development of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Transition: There are many advantages to breastfed babies. Body I. Breastfeeding may boost your child’s intelligence. A. Various researchers have found a connection between breastfeeding and cognitive development. In a study of more than 17,000 infants followed from birth to 6 1/2 years, researchers concluded from IQ scores and other intelligence tests that prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding significantly improves cognitive development. B. Preterm infants with extremely low birth weights who received breast milk shortly after birth improved their mental development scores at 18 months when compared with preterm infants who weren’t given breast milk. 1. In a later study, researchers found that the higher scores held at 30 months, and that the babies who received breast milk were also less likely to be hospitalized again because of respiratory infections. C. Experts say that the emotional bonding that takes place during breastfeeding probably contributes to some of the brainpower benefits, but that the fatty acids in breast milk may play the biggest role. II. Breastfeeding may protect your child from obesity. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends breastfeeding as a way to help reduce your child’s risk of becoming overweight or obese. A. An analysis of 17 studies published in the American Journal of Epidemiology shows that breastfeeding reduces a child’s risk of becoming overweight as a teen or adult. The strongest effect was in children who were exclusively breastfed, and the longer the baby was breastfed the stronger the link. B. Experts think that breastfeeding may affect later weight gain for several reasons: 1. Breastfed babies are better at eating until their hunger is satisfied, leading to healthier eating patterns as they grow. 2. Breast milk contains less insulin than formula. (Insulin stimulates the creation of fat. ) 3. Breastfed babies have more leptin (a hormone that researchers believe plays a role in regulating appetite and fat) in their system. 4. Compared with breastfed babies, formula-fed infants gain weight more rapidly in the first weeks of life. This rapid weight gain is associated with later obesity. Transition: Hopefully you’re becoming aware of why breastfeeding is so important especially during the early stages of a childs life. III. Breastfeeding can reduce your stress level and your risk of postpartum depression. A. The National Institute of Health reviewed more than 9,000 women and concluded that women who didn’t breastfeed or stopped breastfeeding early on had a higher risk of postpartum depression. B. Many women feel relaxed while breastfeeding. That’s because nursing triggers the release of the hormone oxytocin. Numerous studies in animals and humans have found that oxytocin promotes nurturing and relaxation. 1. One study found that women who had high amounts of oxytocin in their system had lower blood pressure after being asked to talk about a stressful personal problem. Transition: So, let’s reconsider the benefits of breastfeeding. Conclusion: I. Studies are finding new benefits of breastfeeding all the time. The May 2010 issue of Pediatrics, for example, published a study showing that babies who are breastfed are less likely to have fevers after their immunizations than babies who are formula fed. II. Breastfeeding is natural – but that doesn’t necessarily mean it’s easy. Don’t hesitate to contact your healthcare provider or a certified lactation consultant if you need help or support. Bibliography www. womenshealth. gov/breastfeeding/Share[-;0] www. webmd. com/parenting/†¦ /breastfeeding-9/nursing-basics[-;1] [-;0] – http://www. womenshealth. gov/breastfeeding/Share [-;1] – http://www. webmd. com/parenting/†¦ /breastfeeding-9/nursing-basics How to cite Breastfeeding, Papers

Marketing And Management Strategies Of Red Bull †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Marketing And Management Strategies Of Red Bull. Answer: Introduction The company under research on this is Red bull. Its sold by an Australian company which was introduced in the year 1987. It has the largest market share in terms of energy drinks in the world having billions of cans being sold worldwide. It was started by an entrepreneur who went by the name Dietrich who was inspired by an existing drink that he found that was being sold in Thailand whereby he took this idea incorporated his own ideologies into it so as it would suit the avid tastes of the westerners who he had an interest in targeting, thus in partnership with Chaleo they founded the what is Red bull. Its slogan was Red bull gives you wings which were before a lawsuit related to the advantages of utilising the drink which was around the period of 2014. It has a different approach to marketing schemes whereby rather than taking the most used route of mass marketing it generated its awareness and attracted clients by virtue of having proprietary sports events such as cliff diving worl d series, the Red bull air race and the crashed ice all these act as Red bulls arsenal in terms of commanding crowds and having customers enjoying the drink at such events thereby making it a force to reckon with as of here it breaks apart the norm that the energy drinks organizations have the capability to host and endorse events and also market its accessories properly with no problems Richter (2012). Red bulls strategy to be amongst the leading organisations is held by the fact that it associates itself with a lifestyle and a way of living in terms of having an adventurous spirit by doing so it puts an aggressive marketing process in play. This is so followed through by having their slogan Red bull gives you wings being a constant message broadcasted to the customers via many streams of communication in a broad integrated manner. Product differentiation is what sets aside Red bull apart from other energy drinks as it is a premium energy drink. The drinks are more expensive as compared to the other drinks in its categories like monster, NOS, Lucozade and Amp. This is because the customers are charged according to the benefits that they get by being able to lead a good functional lifestyle and also increasing physical performance by triggering mental strength Dobkin (2008). The aspect of competitive advantages falls on these points. Being the first to bring the energy drink to developed countries- this happened when the founder brought the idea of this by incorporating some ingredients to what they learnt from the drink Krating Daeng. This is vital as it shows its the first in west thus has a loyal consumer base as from where it started off from thus having an edge over others by this aspect Dobkin (2008). The sweet taste and uniqueness of the energy drink set it apart from others as it sticks to its originality where it is still produced in Bangkok and shipped to the processing plants Richter (2012). This helps it maintain its authenticity by sticking to its roots of start and not changing the main moving parts. It is an appealing product that is linked to extreme sports as it is involved in a number of teams that help its brand image as it endorses the teams and their occasions capitalising on the customers of the sports. Lastly, effective marketing strategy which integrates it to an online TV channel that is used for marketing and also media strategy on how to capture a larger market size and how to expand conditionally. This strategy of having many acquisitions in the media numbers strengthens the brand image as it passes out the relevant marketing messages to the target segment. Marketing mix Marketing mix is putting the right produce at the right place and the right time I regard also to a favourable price, thus the four Ps used in the application of having the right mix are; Product This is the final product produced by the company that is sold to the consumers. The form can either be intangible or tangible as it may be in the classification of a good or service. In developing the right good the company must be able to know whether thats what the client wants from the good or service, how will it be utilised, what name it has and what varieties does it entail and if the product has an attractive look. It is the specific features of a product and its benefits. In terms to Red bull its known as having a distinctive product where the taste of the good is not like the rest it stands out and has a functional effect when put in assessment to other soft drinks Doole and Lowe (2008). Price This is the amount that a customer buys the product for. It is a major factor in planning as it determines an organisation profit and survival. The setting of prices has a big impact on the market as if affects also the sales and demand of the services and the products. According to the Red bull strategies it uses a premium pricing plan in which the cost of its products is placed higher than those of its competitors as it targets the consumers who would prefer spending more money to buy a premium product and enjoy its benefits which are reflected by the products renewability as the worlds best-bought energy drink. Place It deals with putting the products and services in an attainable position in terms of place, this is useful as it ensures that the products are accessible to potential consumers. the placement of a company comes with the deep understanding of the target market where one tries to allow them inside out so as to discover the most efficient distribution channels and positioning that are in direct link with the market. The most intriguing part of the Red bulls marketing mix is the promotional aspect as it embraces the activities thus giving it a boost in having a lasting impression on the consumers. Its slogan aspect of wings when translated to show what it actually aspires for is pushing ones boundaries and helping them achieve their intended goals and dreams. Its aim is to grow consumer reach and increase market share Doole and Lowe (2008). Most base their approach based on AIDA, awareness that is used to grasp the customers attention, Interest here is to stimulate their minds to want to view and see the product, desire this is creating a want for the product that makes the consumer long for the product and Action this is where a customer purchases a product due to the factors involved in marketing to them. Marketing strategy is the way whereby a business is given a proper way forward to having an effective promotional skill targeted to improve the organisation's target market. They differ from organisations thus are to be customised to favour an organisations goals and workability so as to be fully functional. The development of the market strategy has some main factors which are setting clear cut goals, a decent research on consumers, and isolation of the market and pushing forward the ideas aimed at having the word out. Target markets This is those segments of populations that businesses deem to be of customers where if they implement and put up a branch at the place they shall get a good market for their products without much of a struggle as they have found an appropriate segment. These targets are chosen by looking at a variety of aspects that involve income level, age and geographic location. But all these rely on what products or services are being rendered, as a marketing strategy ought to be able to tackle the first and foremost problems and the areas where it doesnt cover it can try to put up plots to offer some type of services so as not to leave any stone unturned. In a clarification of target markets, they're discerned through market research and experience not just jumping into a market stream. Goals These are very essential as they play a vital role where they ought to consist of distribution and financial mile markers which gauge the success or flop of ones strategy and helps one know whether they have the right options to put in place. The ideologies and projections should be according to market and clientele, it starts off with checking past behaviours and putting into considerations the added market efforts and promotions that will be brought. In a situation where the strategy fails to reach set targets then one has to alter the plans and invest a bit more so as to set right the direction the company requires. Research In organisations carrying out studies and reviews on the market is detrimental as it is the best way a firm gets a good grip on the targets to be set. it helps erase wasted efforts and is used to set right organisations marketing skills so it attains its targets that it has set to help boost a companys sales and image. Evaluation and adjustment The making of marketing strategies does not reach a halt once a companys goals are set in motion to be achieved but its an ongoing process that requires constant critic and working so as to be properly functional. Also, when changing trends cause a slump in gains then the marketing ways can be altered so as to facilitate the change and kerb the slump from continuing to occur. This is something very positive and impactful as it brings about the quotient of the initiatives you produce are relevant to what is occurring as marketing strategies work with people and are always ongoing with them thus cannot be left to carry themselves as they are a constant evolution. On analysis on Red bull in regards to politics and environment here are the aspects that fall in hand with the macroeconomics theorem. Political factors The government stability and instability, the level of corruption going around the country, home market lobbying events and freedom of the press. All this affect Red bulls ability to function properly as they are external factors that can really cause heavy damage to the organisation. The company tries to avert such problems by trying to play a role in influencing political factors and also rules and regulations through its efforts to improve functionality angle. Red bull hired a firm known as Podesta and partners to educate on its energy drinks in regards to their advantages and myths set up on it Codita (2011). Economic factors Macroeconomic factors are a major factor that affects businesses such as Red bull which has a premium segment. Another factor that affects it is the exchange rate between euro and the other monetary equations in other countries as they play straight implications on its revenues. Technology Its marketing techniques are referred to as unique and controversial it uses the internet to reach out to its wide consumer base to promote its products. This is a free way to some extent and offers a very large platform where it gets its targeted audience easily and excels from here Kotler and Keller (2012). The company serves the normal people but mostly focuses on those who want a boost in their system with a kick in the pumping of adrenaline in their blood thus it mostly targets athletes and those who want to do work thats strenuous and tiring, and what they want most is something that if they partake would increase their momentum in finishing their task in regards to replenishing their strength back. A company has collaborators but their problem is that they are expensive and at times cannot deliver the companies message as appropriately as the own makers can thus in regards to Red bull it carries out some things with them and others carries out on its own so as to get direct feedback on things to do and whats working for them also. Customers often want a brand that understands them and treats them well enough that they feel as part of the team. The consumers want a product that is of high quality and that has an added advantage that offers itself as a better product as compared to its competitors Codita (2011). The customers are always right as they are still the ones who will come and purchase a product. Competitors for Red bull Competitors for the Red bull energy drink range from the monster energy drink which is the second largest leading competitor. It differentiates itself by offering 34 different drink varieties. The other rival is the Rock star energy drink brand which has over 20 varieties and is known for its bright distinct coloured bottles according to the flavour. The context of business is changing drastically as now there are newer ways to market and sell products which are now online. Many companies are fighting to have an upper hand here as now the market is online as more traffic is on the devices thus the companies advertising here get an added advantage over the rest. Thus, more market share is improved by this as it is the broad angle of reaching clientele. The role that collaborators play is to ensure the goods are highly rendered and supplied to outlets and here they also gain an advantage as the organisations collaborating with them help and support them indirectly in managing and promo ting them Kotler and Keller (2012). Conclusion Unlike many energy drink companies Red bull is a private company by so it avoids the shareholder pressure that occurs for short term profitabilitys thus the companys tactic is now directed towards achieving set goals and dreams for the growth and development of the business. But here we see that when companies do invest in proper marketing and align their goals and targets properly with what they want they can get what the aim for and succeed in them with no problems following them. References Kotler Keller, (2012).Marketing management. Harlow, Pearson Education. Swartz Iacobucci, (2010).Handbook of services marketing management. Thousand Oaks, Calif, Sage Kazmi, (2007).Marketing management: text and cases. New Delhi, India, Excel Books. Cant, (2011).Marketing management. Cape Town, South Africa, Juta. Roberts Berger, (2009).Direct marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J. [u.a.], Prentice Hall. Codita, (2011).Contingency factors of marketing-mix standardization: German consumer goods companies in Central and Eastern Europe. Wiesbaden, Gabler. Richter, (2012).International marketing mix management: theoretical framework, contingency factors and empirical findings from world-markets. 50MINUTES.COM. (n.d.).Marketing mix;master the 4 ps of marketing. [Place of publication not identified], 50minutes Com. Shankar Carpenter, (2012).Handbook of marketing strategy. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Pub. Rogers, (2001).Marketing strategies, tactics, and techniques: a handbook for practitioners. Westport, Conn, Quorum Books. Paley, (2006).The manager's guide to competitive marketing strategies. London, Thorogood. Vass Vass, (2008).Breakthrough network marketing strategies for the Internet age. New York, iUniverse. Dobkin, (2008).Direct marketing strategies. Merion Station, PA, Danielle Adams Pub. Paley, (2007).The manager's guide to competitive marketing strategies. London, Thorogood. Sandhusen, (2000).Marketing. Hauppauge, N.Y., Barron's. Frain, (2009).Introduction to marketing. London, International Thomson Business. Doole Lowe, (2008).International marketing strategy: analysis, development and implementation. London, Cengage Learning. Randazzo, (2014).Developing successful marketing strategies. Webster, (2011).Industrial marketing strategy. New York, Wiley.

reconstruction Essays (985 words) - Reconstruction Era,

History Essay ?the north won the civil war, but the south won Reconstruction? This statement has been wryly observed, to interpret this you need to know the background of these two different parts. During the civil war(1861-1865), the north and the south grew in different directions and ways. They both had some advantages, the north was the center of manufacturing and wealth.In the south, manufacturing was not that big, the south did not have many skilled workers. Most of the people were not educated and were farmers, who worked on a field. The south got their money by trading with other countries, with materials they got from their plantations,, for example cotton etc. The north produced the main part of the countries wealth and had bigger army than the south, including black soldiers. The north was better prepared for the whole war, they had better equipment and supplies. The south had the better generals for example Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson. In 1863, Lincoln declared all slaves to be free. With a lot of support of the freed African American slaves who joined the union, and now had a way bigger army the the confederacy. Many battles were going on in both parts of the country. The main battles were the battle of Gettysburg, where commander Robert E. Lee turned back with heavy casualties, another won was the battle of Vicksburg, Mississippi where the union gained control of the Mississippi River.The union was also able to capitalize their advantages against the south, in men and material. The Confederates mainly gave up, they ended resistance on April 9, 1865. The war ended in slavery. After the civil war people were struggling with rebuilding their houses and their lives. The president and Congress tried to figure out how to rebuilt the nation. They had to handle with the difficulties of reconstruction. Beneath other parts they had to decide how the confederate states were able to rejoin the union. They mainly tried to reorganize the south and to define their laws, what means that they need to figure out how Blacks and whites live together in a non-slave society. Blacks should be treated as equals and under he same law as whites. Lincoln had a plan for reuniting the country in the proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction. The republics were against Lincolns plan. In Congress they were known as the radical republics, they did not want to reunite with the south. The main goal of the republicans was that they wanted the federal government to help African Americans, so that they are able to vote. They also knew that if African Americans are able to vote that most of them will vote for the republicans. In the summer of 1864 the moderates and the republicans came up with a plan for reconstruction, The Wade-Davis Bill. The Bill says that that any adult white men in a confederate state that he should take an oath of allegiance to the union. So the state could now create a new and better government. The congress passed the Wade ? Davis bill, But Lincoln blocked it with a pocket veto. Lincoln realized that a harsh plan of reconstruction would just bring more chaos in the south. After the war the economy in the south collapsed and a lot of people were unemployed. In 1865 congress established a welfare agency known as Freedmen?s Bureau. The Bureau persued a range of programs in an effort to obtain jobs and provide education as well as basic health services. The Bureau is able to set up 4,000 schools and 100 hospitals and to provide housing and food. Lincoln gave on April 15, 1865 the problem of reconstruction in the hands of the new President, Andrew Johnson. He wants the southern states to be free from federal invention. Johnson?s plan was to carry out a policy, which was almost the same to Lincoln?s . The southern states followed Johnson plans for reconstruction. None of the state made any effort, to allow the slaves to vote, and later on Congress recognized that there was an unwillingness to accept Johnson?s plan. This was the beginning of the congressional reconstruction of the south. In 1866, the Radicals, who had a

Bangarra dance review essays

Bangarra dance review essays Bangarra is one of the most exciting and young dance companies in Australia today. Ochres is a flawless piece: powerful, gripping and is performed phenomenally. Bangarra Dance Theatre was formed in Sydney in 1989 by Carole Johnson, the first director of NAISDA, Australia's National Indigenous Dance School, along with NAISDA graduates. Stephen Page was appointed artistic director of Bangarra Dance Theatre in 1991 and is still in that role in 2004. This company is unique to Australia because it has only been running for 15 years but it has so much history behind every single dance that they perform, because it is all aboriginal dancing with a mix of modern contemporary dancing. Bangarra is trying to maintain the link between the traditional Indigenous cultures of Australia and new forms of contemporary artistic expression with respect and integrity. Before viewing this piece, I had only ever seen one other aboriginal dance piece, which was even more spectacular in real life. But after now have experienced two it is easier to understand why they are doing certain moves because throughout the piece you see them moving to a position in the same way or worshipping something in the same way, but I have learnt a lot from viewing this piece and really appreciate the Aboriginal cultural dances. I didnt enjoy ochres as much as spirit, but maybe that was because it was on a video and it wasnt live or as close to you. Their movements along the floor were so important in this piece, they are as close as they possibly can be to the ground and it is almost like through some of the dance they re almost apart of the ground. This is important to this type of dance as in some different areas they may be just apart of the backdrop and have to get to their places or they might be coming on stage with people hardly noticing they are even moving around on the ground. The term impulse means to me that d ...

Biology Osmosis Observation

Independent: sugar concentration in potatoes. Controlled: time, potato form. Apparatus: 1. 5 plastic cups 2. Distilated water 3. Potato 4. Knife 5. Clock 6. Electronical scales (Â ±0,05) 7. Bag of sugar 8. Measuring cylinder 9. Tap water Method: Peeling down the potato and cutting it into 1cm3 cubes (25 cubes) Weighing potatoes on the scales Putting different amount of sugar into five plastic cups (1st no sugar 2nd 6,8g 3rd 13,7g 4th 20,5 5th 27,4g) Adding 100ml of water to each of the cups Mixing the sugar with water Putting in 5 potatoes into each cup Waiting 20 minutes Pulling out the potatoes, drying them up and putting on the scales Writing down new mass. Amount of sugar in solutionSolution concentration %Cup numberMass of five cubes before(Â ±0,05g)Mass of five cubes after (Â ±0,05g) 0g0%15,8g6g 6,8g6,37%25,1g5,2g 13,7g12,05%35,5g5,3g 20,5g17. 01%45,6g5,4g 27,4g21,51%55,5g5,3g Graph: While the concentration is from 0% to 6,37% the net mass gets bigger, later on from 12,05% to 21,51% the net mass gets smaller. When the concentration is from 0% to 6,37% the net mass change is positive, when from 17. 01% to 21,51% – negative. Conclusion: The potato lost more mass as it was submerged in bigger concentration solutions because the bigger concentration difference is, the osmosis will occurs more intensively. Evaluation: I think that laboratory work went pretty well, I managed to see the differences in potato mass change and make a conclusion of it. Next time I should write down original numbers and not rounded ones to give more accurate results. Biology Osmosis Observation Independent: sugar concentration in potatoes. Controlled: time, potato form. Apparatus: 1. 5 plastic cups 2. Distilated water 3. Potato 4. Knife 5. Clock 6. Electronical scales (Â ±0,05) 7. Bag of sugar 8. Measuring cylinder 9. Tap water Method: Peeling down the potato and cutting it into 1cm3 cubes (25 cubes) Weighing potatoes on the scales Putting different amount of sugar into five plastic cups (1st no sugar 2nd 6,8g 3rd 13,7g 4th 20,5 5th 27,4g) Adding 100ml of water to each of the cups Mixing the sugar with water Putting in 5 potatoes into each cup Waiting 20 minutes Pulling out the potatoes, drying them up and putting on the scales Writing down new mass. Amount of sugar in solutionSolution concentration %Cup numberMass of five cubes before(Â ±0,05g)Mass of five cubes after (Â ±0,05g) 0g0%15,8g6g 6,8g6,37%25,1g5,2g 13,7g12,05%35,5g5,3g 20,5g17. 01%45,6g5,4g 27,4g21,51%55,5g5,3g Graph: While the concentration is from 0% to 6,37% the net mass gets bigger, later on from 12,05% to 21,51% the net mass gets smaller. When the concentration is from 0% to 6,37% the net mass change is positive, when from 17. 01% to 21,51% – negative. Conclusion: The potato lost more mass as it was submerged in bigger concentration solutions because the bigger concentration difference is, the osmosis will occurs more intensively. Evaluation: I think that laboratory work went pretty well, I managed to see the differences in potato mass change and make a conclusion of it. Next time I should write down original numbers and not rounded ones to give more accurate results.

Dual Levers of Success Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dual Levers of Success - Assignment Example The transistors business led to the faster performance and more utility for computers. The business partners created chips, which stored an ever-increasing amount of information, boosted computer memories, and functionality in a cost-effective manner. Â  In chapter two, Michael’s research ideas and programs went down well for the first six months. Thereafter, things changed and new competitors entered the markets and destroyed the business completely. The company’s products that hit the market upon their launch went down drastically (Krames, 2003). Experts predict that if the trend continues at the same pace, in the next six months, the company will be enjoying less than a quarter of the market it has enjoyed in the last one year. In addition, the company has a serious inventory problem due to the demand fall (Krames, 2003). If things do not change, the company will write off more than a million dollars in excess inventory. Â  In chapter five’s article, the company depends entirely on a drug that enjoys 60 percent market share every year. The drug is responsible for 80% profits of the company. All of a sudden, the shares of the drug fall drastically and the company’s stock price plummets to about 50 percent of its previous highs (Krames, 2003). The stock slide changes the CEO’s Company from a hero to a goat. Â  The two professionals in both articles are discussing the competitive market. In chapter two’s article, Michael’s company is threatened by the competitive market after half a year of modernizing his company by a state of the art computer system, which includes a website for the company (Krames, 2003).

Pubic speaking paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pubic speaking paper - Essay Example Our forefathers had a dream of building a great nation. Our country has made this large strides which can be traced back to the foundation of the dreams our forefathers had for this nation. They were ready to give their life for something they thought was greater than their individual interests. They wanted nothing but the best for our great nation. The United States of America remains one of the great and globally influental country and we hope to remain so for generations to come. We have been and we will always be so long we remain patriotic to our ideals and value the strength of our diversity. As a leader of this great country, I believe we will be able to achieve our millenium goals by being an exemplary global leader in investing in educating the young generation that will lead to globally competent leaders of the societies to come and offer lasting a lasting solution to global war crisis. There is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining to ones character than giving one’s all to a difficult task. United States of America is a far more diverse country than any other country in the world. We remain the most powerful nation because we have chosen the strength and the bonding we gain from our socio-cultural differences to be our driving impetus into the building of our great nation. The advancements we have achieved in providing globally competetive learning institutions and technological advancements are the prime indicators of our nation as the global harbour of knowledge for generations to come. Thats why we strive to make America a destination for the validity of any child’s dreams from any country in the world. This will go along way in academically financing children from needy backgrounds in the world by provision of fully of partially funded academic and merit based scholarship to study in our institutions of higher learning so that they ca n give back and change the leadership in

Physical Activity and Education Standards Essay Example for Free

Physical Activity and Education Standards Essay It is a matter of fact that with the increased accent on academic education, physical exercise programs are declining in public and private schools. Nowadays there are minimal opportunities for students to lead active life during school time. It was reported that the number of students who attend physical training every day had decreased to 29 percent in 1999 compared with 42% in 1990. It is possible to maintain ideal body weight and health due to physical education classes. Students must receive at least an hour of physical training daily. Such process should involve vigorous activity during 10-15 minutes daily. It is apparent that sport is available in public schools, although not all children like to attend these classes. (National Standards) It is necessary to design such physical activity for students which will firstly meet required standards and secondly arouse interest among children. The most interesting and exciting activity is school sports competitions, because they involve many kinds of physical activity and develop team spirit in participants. School competitions will involve all students who are physically fit and also who are weaker. The competitions will last two days and embrace different activities. The first day will pass through l team games such as basketball, volleyball for girls and football for boys. The second day will process through team competitions devoted to running: long-distance races, sprints, running on the spots, high jump and standing (running) broad jump. It is necessary to explain why such physical activity is chosen. The first reason is that students will demonstrate their competency in different movement forms and their proficiency in selected ones. The second reason is that during team activities students will demonstrate team spirit, responsible social and personal behavior. The last reason is that students are taught in such way to understand and to respect differences among students with different physical abilities.

Comparing A Cage of butterflies to Mission to mars Essays -- essays re

Science fiction produces a "what if" element that asks a question and prophesises the future. There are many texts, which presents the reader or viewer with a particular way of science fiction. The two texts, "A cage of butterflies" by Brain Caswell and "Mission to Mars" by Brian de Palmer, both of which conform to science fiction. The technology used in "A cage of butterflies" is of extremely high standard and produces a theme that prophesises about experimentation and mutations occurring on humans. The theme in "Mission to Mars" is about discovery, communication and reaching out to other life forms. In "A cage of butterflies", the research laboratory in NSW is covertly set, as what they are doing is illegal. The extremely tight security of the laboratory gives the reader a feeling that the research lab is like a prison or a zoo. This impression is also supported by the place where the babies are kept under tight surveillance and the way that they are being monitored through a glass window. The environment the think tanks occupy is more like a home than a lab, because they aren't aware of what is happening, so they refer to the place as the "Farm". The characters in "A cage of butterflies" are intelligent heroes. The "think tank" are a bunch of kids with an I.Q. well above 150. Mikki and Greg are the main characters, both born with natural leadership and who love each other. The babi...

The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 22

Micha She looks terrified as hell, her eyes round, and her body is trembling as she says, â€Å"I love you.† My smile breaks through. â€Å"I know you do. I have ever since the day on the bridge.† She looks confused so I explain further. â€Å"When you tried to leave, I caught up with you and took you up to our spot by the lake to calm you down. When you did, you told me that you loved me.† Her lips part. â€Å"I did†¦ why didn't you tell me?† â€Å"Because I wanted you to tell me again,† I say. â€Å"When you were a little less out of it. Took you long enough, by the way.† Her lips expand to a smile and I can't help but kiss her. My body rolls onto her on its own accord, even though it hurts like hell to use my arm to keep my weight off her. She trails her fingers up my back as her legs fall to the side, giving me permission to press up closer to her. It's what we've been doing every night for the last few days, almost reaching the end, but not quite. Suddenly, she jerks back and I blink my eyes open. â€Å"What's wrong?† Biting on her lip, she sits up and I lean back, giving her room as she slips her shirt and bra off and throws them on the floor. Locks of her auburn hair fall across her chest. Grinning, I move my lips for hers again, but she shakes her head and stands up on the bed, slipping her shorts and panties off and discarding them on the floor. I've seen her naked a couple of times over the week – and once when we were sixteen and she left her curtain open – but each time gets my adrenaline pumping. She kneels down in front of me and kisses me passionately, her nipples brushing against my chest. Her body is shaking in a way that means she's nervous. â€Å"Make love to me,† she whispers against my lips. I've been dreaming about those words leaving her lips since I was sixteen. â€Å"Are you sure?† She nods with a sparkle in her eyes. â€Å"Yeah, I'm sure.† I wait a few seconds longer to give her time to back out if she needs to. She remains silent and reaches for my shirt, helping me pull it over my head so I don't have to lift up my arm. Her fingers run across my tattoo, lyrics I wrote about her, although I don't think she knows it. Then her hands find the button on my jeans and she unfastens it. Deciding to help her out, I peel my jeans and boxers off. Grabbing a condom from my wallet, I lie her down and situate between her legs. â€Å"Are you sure you're sure?† I check again. Her auburn hair is spread across the pillow and the light above our heads reflects in her green eyes as she nods. â€Å"Micha, I'm more certain about this than I am about anything else in my life.† Suddenly, I get a little nervous. This is the first time I've ever been with someone I've cared about and it's going to be different. Mentally preparing myself, I slide into her slowly so I don't hurt her. Her legs promptly constrict around my hips and she squeezes her eyes shut. I give her a minute, letting her breathe through the pain. When she opens her eyes again, I push into her further. Her head tips back as she forces air in through her nose. I start rocking in and out of her. The pained expression slowly turns to ecstasy and her eyes gloss over. It's the most beautiful thing I've ever seen. Ella At first it hurts – more than I anticipated. I'm wondering what the big deal about sex is, when he starts rocking in and out of me, pushing in further and filling me with him. The pain eases away and all that's left is hunger. I secure my legs around his hips and open up to him as his lips cover mine. He kisses me fervently and I start coming undone, releasing all control of my body and mind. I let my head fall back as he sucks and nips on my neck and down to my breasts, before returning his lips to mine. Our skin covers in sweat as his movements become harder, thrusting deeper inside me. I scream out his name as a fire inflames within me and everything comes apart. Moments later, his movements become jerkier and then he stills. His head is tipped down and his warm breath caresses my neck. He places a kiss on my collar bone, then on my lips, finally looking at me and smoothing my hair back from my damp forehead. â€Å"I love you,† he whispers with a content expression. I smile at him as he carefully slips out of me. Then he holds me in his arms and we drift off to sleep, relaxed and satisfied. *** I wake up to Micha sitting on the bed in his boxers, playing his guitar, the tune â€Å"Behind Blue Eyes† by The Who. He's got his head tipped down as his fingers pluck away. Sitting up, I rub the tiredness out of my eyes while holding the sheet up to cover my chest. â€Å"Why are you playing your sad song?† I ask. He keeps singing, shutting his eyes, really getting into it. â€Å"It's not my sad song anymore.† His fingers keep playing. I tuck my legs under me and kneel up in front of him. â€Å"Since when?† â€Å"Since the night you opened up to me,† he says. â€Å"And it was playing over and over again. From now on, every time I hear this song, I'm going to think of you.† I shut my eyes and listen to him play a little longer, letting his beautiful voice flow over my skin. When he stops playing, I open them back up right as he yanks the sheet away from me. I scream and then laugh as he lays me back down and enfolds his body over mine. I kiss him passionately, giving extra attention to the ring in his lip. â€Å"I have to tell you something,† he says when I free his lip ring from my teeth. The sound in his voice makes me uneasy. â€Å"Okay†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He sighs and rakes his fingers through his hair. â€Å"I think I'm going to go on the road with Naomi and her band.† I sit up, shocked, and nearly bump foreheads with him. â€Å"Did she ask you to join?† â€Å"Yeah, a few weeks ago, but I told her I had to think about it.† He rolls to the side, bringing me with him and hitching my leg over his hip so I'm opened up and vulnerable to him. â€Å"I think this is something I have to do, otherwise I'll regret it for the rest of my life.† My mind is racing, but I force my voice to sound even. â€Å"When are you leaving?† He traces my cheekbone with his finger. â€Å"In a couple of days.† Shutting my eyes, I talk myself through it. I know I have to let him go because regrets do nothing but eat away on the inside. It's still hard, though. I force a small smile as I open my eyes. â€Å"Will you visit me in Vegas?† â€Å"Every single moment I get,† he says and seals his lips to mine. â€Å"I promise.†

Revolution in Communication

As a technology, it is called multimedia. As a revolution, it is the sum of many revolutions wrapped into one: A revolution in communication that combines the audio visual power of television, the publishing power of the printing press, and the interactive power of the computer. Multimedia is the convergence of these different professions, once thought independent of one another, coming together to form a new technological approach to the way information and ideas are shared. What will society look like under the evolving institutions of interactive multimedia technologies? Well, if the 1980†³s were a time for media tycoons, the 1990†³s will be for the self-styled visionaries. These gurus see a dawning digital age in which the humble television will mutate into a two-way medium for a vast amount of information and entertainment. We can expect to see: movies-on-demand, video games, databases, educational programming, home shopping, telephone services, telebanking, teleconferencing, even the complex simulations of virtual reality. This souped-up television will itself be a powerful computer. This, many believe, will be the world†s biggest media group, letting consumers tune into anything, anywhere, anytime. The most extraordinary thing about the multimedia boom, is that so many moguls are spending such vast sums to develop digital technologies, for the delivering of programs and services which are still largely hypothetical. So what is behind such grand prophecies? Primarily, two technological advances known as digitization (including digital compression), and fibre optics. Both are indispensable to the high-speed networks that will deliver dynamic new services to homes and offices. Digitization means translating information, either video, audio, or text, into ones and zeros, which make it easier to send, store, and manipulate. Compression squeezes this information so that more of it can be sent using a given amount of transmission capacity or bandwidth. Fibre-optic cables are producing a vast increase in the amount of bandwidth available. Made of glass so pure that a sheet of it 70 miles thick would be as clear as a window-pane, and the solitary strand of optical fibre the width of a human hair can carry 1,000 times as much information as all radio frequencies put together. This expansion of bandwidth is what is making two-way communication, or interactivity, possible. Neither digitization nor fibre optics is new. But it was only this year that America†s two biggest cable-TV owners, TCI and Time Warner , said they would spend $2 billion and $5 billion respectively to deploy both technologies in their systems, which together serve a third of America†s 60m cable homes. Soon, some TCI subscriptions will be wired to receive 500 channels rather than the customary 50; Time Warner will launch a trail full-service network in Florida with a range of interactive services. These two announcements signaled the start of a mad multimedia scramble in America, home market to many of the world†s biggest media, publishing, telecoms and computer companies, almost all of which have entered the fray. The reasons are simple: greed and fear: greed for new sources of revenue; fear that profits from current businesses may fall as a result of reregulation or cut-throat competition. Multimedia has already had a profound affect on how these businesses interact with one another. Mergers such as Time Warner, Turner Broadcasting, and Paramount have set the stage. These companies continue the race to be the first to lay solid infrastructure, and set new industry standards. Following in the shadows will be mergers between: software, film, television, publishing, and telephone industries, each trying to gain market share in the emerging market. So far, most firms have rejected the hostile takeovers that marked the media business in the 1980s. Instead, they have favored an array of alliances and joint ventures akin to Japan†s loose-knit Keiretsu business groupings. TCI†s boss, John Malone, evokes â€Å"octopuses with their hands in each other†s pockets-where one starts and the other stops will be hard to decide.† These alliances represent a model of corporate structure which many see as mere marriages of convenience, in which none wants to miss out on any futuristic markets. One may wonder how this race for market share and the merging of these corporations will affect them personally. Well, at this point and time, it is hard to say. However, there is some thought in the direction we are headed. The home market, which was stated earlier, has its origins based around early pioneers such as Atari, Nintindo, and Sega. These companies started with simple games, but as technology increased, it began to open up new doors. The games themselves are becoming more sophisticated and intelligent and are now offering some of the first genres capable of attracting and holding an adult audience. Just around the corner looms the promise of interactive television, which threatens to turn the standard American couch potato into the newly rejuvenated couch commando. Through interactive television, which will actually be a combination of the telephone, computer, and television, you will have access to shopping, movies, and other types of information on demand. As this technology increases, it will give way to a form that is known as virtual reality. Imagine, with the use of headgear, goggles, and sensory gloves, being able to actually feel and think you are in another place. For instance, going shopping at a mall could be done in the privacy of your own living room, by just strapping on your headgear. Another break through in the home market is video telephony. These are telephone systems that also broadcast video images. Imagine being able to communicate instantly with voice, picture, and text with a business colleague or a loved one thousands of miles away. Interactive multimedia systems promise to revolutionize education. In a complex world of constant change, where knowledge becomes obsolete every few years, education can no longer be something that one aquires during youth to serve for an entire lifetime. Rather, education must focus on instilling the ability to continue learning throughout life. Fortunately, the information-technology revolution is creating a new form of electronic, interactive education that should blossom into a lifelong learning system that allows almost anyone to learn almost anything from anywhere, at anytime. The key technology in future education is interactive multimedia. The purpose of multimedia in education as in so many other multimedia applications, is to: enhance the transfer of information, encourage participation, stimulate the senses and enhance information retention. Multimedia uses a powerful combination of earlier technologies that constitutes an extraordinary advance in the capability of machines to assist the educational process. Interactive multimedia combines computer hardware, software, and peripheral equipment to provide a rich mixture of text, graphics, sound, animation, full-motion video, data, and other information. Although multimedia has been technically feasible for many years, only recently has it become a major focus for commercial development. Interactive multimedia systems can serve a variety of purposes but their great power resides in highly sophisticated software that employs scientifically based educational methods to guide the student through a path of instruction individually tailored to suit the special needs of each person. As instruction progresses and intelligent systems are used, the system learns about the student†s strengths and weaknesses and then uses this knowledge to make the learning experience fit the need of that particular student. Interactive multimedia has several key advantages. First, students receive training when and where they need it. An instructor does not have to be present, so students can select the time best suited to their personal schedules. Second, students can adjourn training at any point in the lesson and return to it later. Third, the training is highly effective because it is based on the most powerful principles of individualized learning. Students find the program interesting, so they stick with it. Retention of the material learned is excellent. Fourth, the same videodisk equipment can be used to support a variety of training paths. Last, both the training and the testing are objectively and efficiently measured and tracked. Educational systems of this type, offered by IBM under the product labeled Ultimedia, engage students in an interactive learning experience that mixes color movie, bold graphics, music, voice narration, and text; for instance, the program Columbus allows students to relive the great navigator†s voyages and explore the New World as it looked when Columbus first saw it. The ability to control the learning experience makes the student an active rather than a passive learner. Other common systems include Sim City, Carmen San Diego, and a variety of popular multimedia games created by Broderbound Softwarek, one of the biggest companies in this new field. Rather than old drill and kill forms of computerized instruction that bore students, this new entertaining form of education is far more effective precisely because kids get totally immersed in an exciting experience. Classroom computers with multimedia capabilities seem to have sky-rocketed in every faucet of the education arena. From pre-schoolers to college students, learning adapting to this multimedia craze was not hard to do. Teachers and Professors alike share in this technology to plan out their curricular schedules and school calendar. Most will agree that classroom computers seem to have a positive effect on students of the 90†³s. As schools and universities become more technology driven, there will be an even bigger plea for more multimedia enhancements. The 1980†³s witnessed the introduction and widespread use of personal computers at all levels of schooling. During the decade the number of computers used in U.S. elementary and secondary schools increased from under 100,000 to over 2.5 million. A majority of students now use computers and computer software sometime during the school-year, either to learn about computers or as a tool for learning other subjects. By the end of the decade, the typical school had 1 computer per 20 students, a ration that computer educators feel is still not high enough to affect classroom learning as much as books and classroom conversion do.

Ratio Analysis on Different Pharmaceuticals in Bangladesh Essays

Ratio Analysis on Different Pharmaceuticals in Bangladesh Essays Ratio Analysis on Different Pharmaceuticals in Bangladesh Paper Ratio Analysis on Different Pharmaceuticals in Bangladesh Paper Table of Content 1. Letter of transmittal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦03 2. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦04 3. Ratio Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 06 4. Liquidity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦07 i. Current ratio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦08 ii. Quick Ratio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 09 5. Asset management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 iii. Inventory turnover†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 iv. Days sales outstanding (DSO)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 v. Fixed asset turnover†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 vi. Total assets turnover†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 6. Debt management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 vii. Total debt to total assets†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 viii. Times-interest-earned (TIE)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 ix. EBITDA coverage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 7. Profitability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 x. Profit margin on sales†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 xi. Basic earning power (BEP)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21 xii. Return on total assets (ROA)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦22 xiii. Return on common equity (ROE)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 8. Market value†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 24 xiv. Price/earning (P/E)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦25 xv. Price/cash flow†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦26 xvi. Market/book (M/B)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦27 9. Overall Financial Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 28 10. Balance sheet, cash follow and income statement of BEXIMCO LTD 11. Balance sheet, cash follow and income statement of SQUARE LTD 12. Balance sheet, cash follow and income statement of Renata LTD Acknowledgements At first our thanks goes to Mr. S. M. Abdus Shakur, Lecturer, School of Business, Presidency University, for giving us the responsibility to prepare this report which we found to be a rather interesting topic to work on, and for the help to prepare the report as well. We got help from many people in the context of preparing this report and some of the persons have been very helpful and cooperative with information and suggestions. And lastly, we would like to thank each other, means the group members for helping each other whenever we have to get help. Introduction: Financial Ratio Analysis is a tool used by individuals to conduct a quantitative analysis of information  in a companys financial statements. Ratios are  calculated from current year numbers and are then compared to previous years, other companies, the industry, or even the economy to judge the performance of the company. Ratio analysis is predominately used by proponents of fundamental analysis. Financial ratios are designed to help one evaluate financial statement and by comparing the results it must pay to the income it has available for payment such comparisons are made by ratio analysis. Here we take three companies from the same industry to analyze their financial statement and we also compare the findings with the total pharmaceuticals industry average. The companies name we took are- 1. BEXIMCO PHARMACEUTICALS LIMITED. 2. SQUARE PHARMACUTICALS LTD. 3. RENATA LIMITED. 4. AMBEE PHARMACEUTICALS LTD. Ratio Analysis Financial ratios are useful indicators of a firms performance and financial situation. Financial ratios can be used to analyze trends and to compare the firms financials to those of other firms. Financial ratios can be classified according to the information they provide. The following types of ratios frequently are used: 1. Liquidity ratios 2. Asset management ratios 3. Debt management ratios 4. Profitability ratios 5. Market value ratios LIQUIDITY RATIOS Liquidity ratios are the first ones to come in the picture. These ratios actually show the relationship of a firm’s cash and other current assets to its current liabilities. Two ratios are discussed under Liquidity ratios. They are: 1. Current ratio 2. Quick/ Acid Test ratio. 1. Current ratio: This ratio indicates the extent to which current liabilities are covered by those assets expected to be converted to cash in the near future. Current assets normally include cash, marketable securities, accounts receivables, and inventories. Current liabilities consist of accounts payable, short-term notes payable, current maturities of long-term debt, accrued taxes, and other accrued expenses (principally wages). Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities BEXIMCO =28618916542602032267 1. 10 times Square=44118364363500845103 =1. 26 times Renata=988092820717068650 =1. 38 times Ambee=218724505222145758 =0. 985 times Industry average=1. 18 times 2. Quick/ Acid Test ratio: This ratio indicates the firm’s liquidity position as well. It actually refers to the extent to which current liabilities are covered by those assets except inventories. Quick Ratio = (Current Assets-Inventories)/Current Liabilities BEXIMCO =28 61891654-15052880932602032267 =1. 04 times Square=4411836436-20267363223500845103 =1. 20 times Renata=988092820-959414590717068650 =0. 04 times Ambee=218724505-135899190222145758 =0. 37 times Industry Average=0. 66 times ASSET MANAGEMENT RATIOS Asset management ratios are the financial statement ratios that measure how effectively a business uses and controls its assets. Below are discussed five types of asset management ratios: 1. Inventory turnover ratio 2. The day’s sales outstanding 3. Fixed asset turnover ratio 4. Total asset turnover ratio 1. Inventory turnover ratio: The ratio is regarded as a test of efficiency and indicates the rapidity with which the company is able to move its merchandise. Inventory turnover ratio = Gross Turnover / Inventories BEXIMCO = 40101670591505288093 =2. 66 times Square= 82310975252026736322 =4. 06 times Renata=3089746417959414590 =3. 22 times Ambee=240726296135899190 =1. 77 times Industry Average=2. 93 times 2. The Days Sales Outstanding: The Days Sales Outstanding ratio shows both the average time it takes to turn the receivables into cash and the age, in terms of days, of a companys accounts receivable. This ratio is of particular importance to credit and collection associates. Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) = Trade Debtors/ (Annual gross turnover/365) BEXIMCO =5039164014010167059/365 =19. 23 Days Square=3602456469565715902/365 =13. 75 Days Renata=3442269333089746417/365 =40. 66 Days Ambee= 38179778240726296/365 =57. 89 days Industry Average=32. 88 days 3. Fixed asset turnover ratio: The Fixed Asset Turnover ratio measures the effectiveness in generating Net Sales revenue from investments in Net Property, Plant, and Equipment back into the company evaluates only the investments. Fixed assets turnover ratio (FATO) = Gross Turnover / Net fixed assets Beximco=401016705911957773787 =0. 34 times Square=82310975258291290984 =0. 99 times Renata=30897464771656161962 =1. 87 times Ambee=24072629660695282 =3. 97 times Industry Average=1. 79 times 4. Total asset turnover ratio: The Total Asset Turnover is similar to fixed asset turnover since both measures a companys effectiveness in generating sales revenue from investments back into the company. Total Asset Turnover evaluates the efficiency of managing all of the companys assets. Total assets turnover ratio (TATO) = Gross Turnover/Total Assets Beximco=401016705914819665441 0. 27 times Square=825784373912703127420 =0. 65 times Renata=30897464173162232934 =0. 98 times Ambee=24072629657247033 =4. 21 times Industry Average=1. 53 times DEBT MANAGEMENT RATIOS Debt management ratios reveal 1) the extent to which the firm is financed with debt and 2) its likelihood of defaulting on its debt obligations. These ratios include: 1. Debt ratio, 2. Times-Interest-Earned (TIE) ratio, 3. EBITDA Coverage . 1. Debt ratio: The ratio of total debt to total assets, generally called the debt ratio, measures the percentage of funds provided by the creditors. Debt ratio = Total Debt / Total Assets Beximco=436946329614819665441 =29 % Square=428608671512703127420 =34 % Renata=15001595773162232934 =47 % Ambee= 4800990157247033 =83% Industry Average=48. 25% 2. Times-Interest-Earned (TIE) ratio: This ratio measures the extent to which operating income can decline before the firm is unable to meet its annual interest cost. EBIT = Earnings before Interest and Tax TIE ratio = EBIT / Interest Charges Beximco=963775308249654298 =3. 86 times Square=2908395181397135963 =7. 32 times Renata=69719063387270665 =7. 99 times Ambee =78642302395026 3. 28 times Industry Average=5. 61 times 3. The EBITDA coverage ratio: The EBITDA coverage ratio shows if earnings are able to satisfy all financial obligations including leases and principal payments. (EBITDA is short for earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. ) EBITDA Ratio = EBITDA + Lease Payment/ Interest + Principal Payment + Lease Payment Beximco=963775308+5887353+30993608+10302868 249654298+3556423568 =0. 29 times Square=2908395181+454290404+57334928+140936267397135963+2279693991 =0. 56 times Renata=697190633+1628151487270665 =1. 17 times Ambee=7864230+9614002395026+0+7864230 =0. 86 times Industry Average=0. 72 times PROFITIBILITY RATIO: Profitability is the net result of a number of policies and decisions. Profitability ratios show the combined effects of liquidity, asset management and debt on operating results. There are four important profitability ratios that we are going to analyze: 1. Profit Margin on sales 2. Basic Earning power (BEP) 3. Return on Asset 4. Return on Equity 1. Profit Margin on Sales: Profit Margin on Sales gives us the net profit that the business is earning per dollar of sales. The equation is as follows: Profit margin on Sales = Net income available to the stockholders / Sales Beximco=5453412734010167059 =13. 6 % Square=13818630938257843739 =16. 7 % Renata=4331458043089746417 =14 % Ambee=6347155240726296 =2. 64% Industry Average=11. 735% 2. Basic Earning Power (BEP): The ratio indicates the ability of the firm’s assets to generate operating income. The equation is as follows: Basic Earning Power = EBIT / Total Assets Beximco=96377530814819665441 =6. 5 % Square=290839518112703127420 =22. 9 % Renata=6971906333162232934 =22 % Ambee=786423057274033 =13. 3% Industry Average=16. 28% 3. Return on Total Assets (ROA): Return of total asset measures the amount of Net Income earned by utilizing each dollar of Total Assets. The equation is: Return on Total Assets (ROA) = Net income available to total common shareholders / Total assets Beximco=54534127314819665441 =3. 7 % Square=138186309312703127420 =10. 9 % Renata=4331458043162232934 =13. 7 % Ambee=63471555727 4033 =11. 08% Industry Average=9. 85% 4. Return on Equity (ROE): Return on Equity measures the amount of Net Income earned by utilizing each dollar of Total common equity. It is the most important of the â€Å"Bottom line† ratio. By this, we can find out how much the shareholders are going to get for their shares. The equation is: Return on Equity (ROE) = Net income available to common shareholders / Total common equity Beximco=54534127310450202145 =5. 2% Square=13818630938417040705 =16. 4% Renata=433145804155075461 =2. 79% Ambee=634715546527981 =13. 64% Industry Average=9. 51% MARKET VALUE RATIOS The final group of ratios, the market value ratios relates the firm’s stock price to its earnings, cash flow and book value per share. These ratios give management an indication of what investors think of the company’s past performance and future prospects. In this section, we are going to have a discussion mainly on three types of ratios: 1. Price/Earnings Ratio 2. Price/ Cash flow Ratio 3. Market/ Book Ratio 1. Price/ Earnings ratio: The Price/ Earnings ratio (price-to-earnings ratio) of a stock is a measure of the price paid for a share relative to the income or profit earned by the firm per share. P/E ratio = Price per share / earnings per share Beximco=104. 33 =2. 309 times Square=100114. 47 =0. 87 times Renata=100374. 44 =0. 267 times Ambee=103. 17 =3. 15 times Industry Average=1. 65 times 2. Price/ Cash Flow ratio: This ratio indicates the amount investors will pay for Tk. 1 of cash flow. The equation for this ratio is shown below: Price/ Cash flow ratio = Price per share/Cash flow per share Beximco=10(545341+147183829)/1045020214 =70. 73 times Square=100(1381863093+652561599)/18170407 =1. 11 times Renata=100(433145804+16281514)/1156787 =3. 88 times Ambee= 10(6347155+57274033)/46527981 =7. 31 times Industry Average=20. 6 times 3. Market/ Book ratio: The ratio of stock’s market price to its book value. The Equation is: Market/Book ratio (M/B) = Market price per share / Book value per share Beximco=167. 7104502021451045020214 =16. 77 times Square=3151. 258417040705/18170407 =6. 80 times Renata=7789. 75115678700/1156787 =77. 89 times Ambee=12910 =12. 9 times Industry Average=28. 59 times OVERALL FINANCIAL SUMMARY After analyzing all the ratios, we have found out the following information: 1. Liquidity Ratios: In the liquidity ratio we can see that both current atio and quick ratio is good in average for Square comparing with the industry average. Renata’s current ratio is quite well, but it seems that the company has too much inventories, so, the quick ratio got lower. 2. Asset Management Ratios: for the asset management ratios, we can see that for the first two, Square is in a good shape. But for the asset turnover ratios, Ambee plays a good role. Meaning that Square is good in turning its current assets to liquidity, and Ambee is good at moving its long term assets to liquidity. 3. Debt Management Ratios: in Debt management ratio analysis, we can see that for debt ratio and TIE ratio, both Beximco is in a good shape on an average. Bot for the EBITDA Coverage ratio, Renata does the best. But, as a whole, we can say that Beximco is quite good in managing its debt. 4. Profitability Ratios: for the profitability ratios, we can see that square is very good at both Profit margin on sales, and BEP ratios. At ROA, Square is okay, but Renata and Ambee are very good. Again for ROE, Square is extra ordinarily good. So, we can say that Squrae is very good at managing and earning profit. 5. Market Value Ratios: here we see that for the first two analyses, Beximco’s market value is higher, but for the last one, renata’s valu is higher, but Beximco’s was okay. So, we can say that in terms of market value, Beximco is good on average. From the total analysis, we can summarize that Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd and Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd have been doing pretty good throughout the years. It is true that for some cases both the companies are in an okay shape, but it is still pretty much satisfactory. Therefore, we can conclude that both Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd and Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd are good enough company to invest on.

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More than ever, organizations need broader measures of employee performance to ensure that (1) deficiencies are address in a timely manner through employee development programs that meet the needs of the organisation and its market, (2) employee behaviours are being directed toward performance of specific objectives that are consistent with the work unit and the organization strategy, and (3) employees are provided with proper and timely feed back to assist with their career development. These practices jointly influence the performance of individuals and work group, and enables them to work across strategic, tactical, and operational levels to align actions to ensure optimal performance. In order for effective performance management to take place, the process must utilize information from three time periods to do so. It makes use of data from the past in order to gather information form past performance. This information is then utilized in the present for the establishment of work plans, goals and the setting of development opportunities. These objectives therefore allow for high levels of performance in the future. The Purpose of the Performance Management System The main purpose of performance management is to make sure that employee goals, employee behaviours used to achieve these goals and feedback information about employee performance are all linked to the corporate strategy. However there is no one way to manage performance. What ever system is adopted needs to be congruent with the culture and principles that pervade the organization. Most systems of performance management has three purposes- Strategic, Administrative, and Developmental. The strategic purpose- Defining Performance One of the ways in which strategies are implemented is by management defining the desired results, behaviours and employee characteristics necessary for carrying out strategy. They can then develop measurement and feedback mechanisms which will show hoe effectively results are being achieved and what to do to produce results. The organization can achieve this strategic purpose if it is flexible and amendable to changes in the goals and strategies which can occur, and also to recognise that if such changes occur, then there needs to be change in results, behaviours and characteristics of the employees, which must of necessity change to correspond with such organizational changes. The Administrative Purpose-Measuring Performance Performance appraisal information is one of the main instruments used by organizations for making administrative decisions, for example, salary administration, in terms of pay raises; promotions, retention or termination, recognition of individual performance and identification of poor performance. The Developmental Purpose- Feedback and coaching This aspect of performance management seeks to develop further, employees who are good at their jobs. In instances where employees are not performing up to standard, performance management also seeks to improve their performance through coaching. The feedback from the performance evaluation process indicates or identifies the areas of strengths and weakness in the employee performance. It is therefore critical to businesses that they recognise and fulfill the purpose of an effective performance management system as this is central to gaining a competitive advantage through the management of human resources. They also need to develop the measures by which performance can be evaluated. The discussion now turns to the development of the performance management system. It describes the major strategic decisions that must be put in place if the task force is to effectively design a performance management system. In order for a successful performance management to be established, the process must utilize five strategic decisions. 1. How the system will be used be used? 2. Who does the evaluation? 3. What areas are to be evaluated? 4. How should the evaluation be done? 5. What are the ways in which the evaluation can be done? How will the system be used Planned employee development should be one of the basic concepts of any organization’s performance management system. This is an attempt to state a broad policy which removes any option about people development by stipulating that developing people is a pillar of whatever system of management the organization espouses. This people development should be planned, not given mere lip service or expected to happen by itself. Adoption of this policy would guard against the simplistic way in which some supervisors consider themselves to be results oriented as opposed to people oriented, thus absolving themselves from people development. The major thrust of employee development will be to emphasize that the development of people as the best means available to achieve results for the organization. Three new thoughts are intended in this policy rec ¬ommendation. First, because development is different for everyone, there should be individual development plans. While there may always be areas of growth or development common to many at the same time, these ought not to be the sum total of the people develop ¬ing process taking place. It is often an easy excuse for supervisors point to plant–wide or company–wide â€Å"people† programs as a way of absolving themselves of their people developing responsibility. The second operable word in this policy state ¬ment is review. The supervisor is required to follow up on the people development plans. They are not to be spoken of enthusiastically for a brief period and then forgotten. If documented on company forms, they ought not to be forwarded to some staff office as though float ¬ing off into never–never land. They require monitoring so that progress can be checked periodically. Third, individual plans should be reviewed at least annually. This is an attempt to offer some time frame for periodic review, so as not to make the task too time–consuming. Furthermore, a lot can happen in twelve months, so that this time span is not too soon for considering new situations that might warrant chang ¬ing or updating the plan. Many practicing managers indicate a twelve month time frame as a practical one, especially when the development plan is discussed in the context of the annual performance evaluation. Each of my subordinates should work out a specific plan of personal development. Two thoughts are contained in this policy statement. First, each subordinate is to have a development plan. Again, we speak of the universality of develop ¬ment. This isn’t only for the weak, or only for those identified as shinning stars, or only for any select lucky or unlucky few. Everyone has developmental needs in order to help achieve the mission of the organization. Second, there is the question of who works out this plan for development. Some may immediately think of some subordinates who do not appear capable of working out their own personal development, hence this may prompt a negative vote (or â€Å"false† mark) on this state ¬ment. Clearly there will be some individuals less qualified than others to work out such a plan. But the intent is not to expect people to do it alone – quite the contrary. The real point of this statement is to fix on the subordinate a sharing of the development responsibility for which the supervisor is accountable. It becomes then a shared responsibility between the supervisor and the subordinate. I should require individual development plans from each of my subordinates Again many mangers can point to individuals who might state, or have stated, they are not interested in development. We’ve all encountered people like that. They readily assert that they have no interest in getting promoted; they know their job, they do it well, they simply want to work 9 to 5 and leave the jockeying for positions to someone else. This is precisely why the uni ¬versality of the need for development needs reinforcing. It ought not to be an option. The organization cannot afford to let people maintain that attitude. It is not what we want to people to think of promotion or becoming managers or anything they truly do not want to become, but in order to continue to perform well in the present areas of responsibility, people must keep pace with develop ¬ments in their field. Because no job stays the same, no jobholder can stay the same. â€Å"Future shock† is a concept with which we are all familiar. So much happens in the work developments around us that no job remains the same very long. Hence, if a worker is doing the job the same way he or she did a year ago, that person is less effective, if not completely wrong. Periodic on–the–job coaching is a major part of an individual’s development. The hope here is that the supervisor will feel at home with the statement and its implications. Periodic instruction or assistance on the job is an everyday occurrence. No one will deny the need for giving instruction or assistance on the job to those who need it, and some need it more that others. If we can begin to see this part of the warp and weft of individual development, then the universal change envisioned in these statements will not be so threatening to some. Who evaluates Performance appraisal of the employee should be done by immediate supervisor. The supervisor is the one who is usually in the best position to observe and evaluate his or her subordinates’ performance and he or she is responsible for that person’s performance. References I/O psych text Another approach that can be used is peer appraisals. According to kane and Lawler(1978), three techniques are usually used : (1) Peer nomination- each person nomoinates a specified number of group members as being highest in particular dimension of performance. (2) Peer rating- each group member rates the others on a set of performance dimensions using several kinds of rating scales. 3) Peer ranking- each member ranks all others from the best to worst on one or more performance dimensions. The Appraisal of an employee by his or her peers can be effective in predicting future management success. One problem however is log rolling; that is all the peers simply get together to rate each other highly. Also many group members donot like to evaluate one another, so part of the method hinges on impressing participants with its values. There is also the rating committee which is usually composed of the employees’ immediate supervisors and three or four other supervisors. This type of rating is useful and advantageous because while there may be discrepancies in the rating s made by individual supervisors, the composite ratings tend to be more reliable, fair and valid. Another advantage is that several raters can cancel out problems like bias and the halo effect on the part of the individual rater. Employee evaluation can also be done by employees assessing their own behaviour. This is known as the self assessment technique. The basic problem with this is that employees usually rate themselves higher than they are rated by their supervisors or their peers. Meyer(1980) reorted a study in which engineers rated their own performance against their views of the performance of other engineers in the company. On average, each engineer thought he or she was performing better than 75% of the rest of the engineers in the study. Statically, it is quite a trick to have a 100% of the workforce be in the top 25%b of job performers. This underscores the biggest problem with self- assessment: positive leniency. Most people have higher opinions of their own performance than others do. There is also the other form of appraisal which is appraisal by subordinates, otherwise known as upward feedback. In this situation, subordinates are anonymously asked to evaluate their supervisor’s performance. When this type of appraisal is conducted throughout the firm it really helps the top managers to diagnose management styles, identify potential people problems and take corrective action with individual managers as required. Appraisal may also be conducted through performance feedback from all the persons with whom the employee has to interact; this interaction is referred to as 360-degrwee feedback. The appraisal can take place between coworkers, subordinates, and internal and external customers. The Performance Appraisal Interview and the Coaching Process The appraisal interview is one in which the supervisor and subordinate review the appraisal and make plans to remedy deficiencies and reinforce strengths. For many supervisors the formal performance appraisal interview is one of the most dreaded activities of the role. Of course, supervisors often have no problem evaluating the outstanding performer. The problem is with everyone else. They are put in the position of providing information to a subordinate that often runs contrary to the subordinates own self-evaluation or self-image. This can lead to a number of outcomes that many managers would prefer avoiding. In conducting appraisal interviews effectively there are four major things that supervisors must do in preparation for interview: 1. Spend a lot of time preparing; go over the subordinates performance, your own interactions, the history of the employee; if the employee reports to a number of supervisors, make sure you have input from all relevant sources 2. They must assemble data, study the person’s job description, compare the employee’s performance standards that would be evaluated against, and review the files of the employee’s previous appraisals. 3. Supervisors should also prepare employees, that is , give them at least a week notice to review their work, read over job description, analyze problems and gather their questions and comments so that the interview can be a two-way conversation. 4. A mutually agreeable time should be choosen ofr the interview. Enough time time should also be scheduled for the intertview. Having prepared for the interview there are four important things that supervisors need to cognizant of: ? Supervisors should attempt to be direct and specific all times. They should speak in terms of objective work data such as absences, tardiness, qulit records, inspection reports, productivity records and cost reduction. This is done so that employee is aware of all the areas that he or she is being appraised on. ?The supervisor should also encourage the appraisee to talk. Stop and listen to what the person is saying. The supervisor should ask opened questions such as â€Å" what do you think we can do to improve the situation ? ? Do not get personal. Supervisors should try to compare employees’ performance to given standards and not to othe performance of other people. This can help to avoid confrontation or misunderstanding between the appraiser and appraisee. This also ensures that the person know what they are doing wrong and what they are doing right. The supervisor s hould ensure the persons understands , and get agreement before he or she leaves on how things will be improved and by a give n date . An action plan shoud also be developed showing steps and expected results. Coaching: Some General Guidelines be as specific as possible take advantage of critical incidents-for example after a major project, sit down and reflect with your subordinate about lessons learned identify specific developmental agendas identify resources available to subordinates adapt your coaching style to the individual Link to compensation Many people may argue that a performance appraisal is little more than a tool for managers to use in wringing as much work as possible from individuals without adequately rewarding them. This perception is difficult to deny if you have ever been the victim of such exploitation. Indeed, it must be recognized that a dishonest and secretive performance appraisal system will only exacerbate poor employee relations. However, if employees believe that the system can assist them in furthering their own careers and economic prospects, performance appraisals can actually boost employee morale. Performance appraisals are particularly useful in facilitating equitable decisions about salary if the agency uses a merit pay system as the basis for salary progression. A merit pay system requires a method for translating judgments about work quality into appropriate salary actions. Pay increases of varying sizes must be rationally explained if a merit pay system is not to seem arbitrary. If an organization has an automatic pay system, with scheduled salary increases, performance appraisals will help identify (and justify the termination of) unsatisfactory employees who demoralize others, since they receive the same salary increases as good workers. Recent research (Bannister Balkin, 1990) has reported that appraisees seem to have greater acceptance of the appraisal process, and feel more satisfied with it, when the process is directly linked to rewards. Such findings are a serious challenge to those who feel that appraisal results and reward outcomes must be strictly isolated from each other. Methods for performance appraisal